Bulletin of criminological association of Ukraine

NATIONAL SANCTION MECHANISMS IN THE SYSTEM OF COMBATING ILLEGAL ASSETS TRAFFICKING: A CRIMINAL ANALYSIS

Y.V. SHVETS — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the criminological study of the national dimension
of sanction mechanisms in combating criminal asset trafficking. It is proposed to
understand sanctions as an independent interdisciplinary legal institution that
regulates relations in the sphere of implementing the national model of bringing
to justice internationally unlawful acts of subjects of international public law and
persons affiliated with them, as well as preventing or terminating the use of assets
to commit criminal offenses against the national and public security of Ukraine,
peace, security of humanity and international law. It is substantiated that the
existing legal regulation of the application of sanctions in Ukraine is characterized
by a high criminogenic potential, contains prerequisites for abuse of law due to
the lack of control mechanisms for making decisions on the application of
sanctions, the absence of legal guarantees for the protection of rights, freedoms
and legitimate interests for citizens of Ukraine, to whom sanctions are applied.
Proposals are formulated to improve the Law of Ukraine «About Sanctions».

SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF QUALIFICATION OF WAR CRIMES CAUSING DAMAGE TO PROPERTY

Y.V. ORLOV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of qualification of war
crimes that cause damage to property. It is established that the qualification of
seizure by a combatant of property belonging to the opposing parties is
influenced by two key features: 1) the legal status of the property, type of
ownership; 2) the purpose of seizure of such property. Such seizure of property of
the opposing party, which becomes the state (state property of the opposing
party) and is intended to use it for military purposes, is recognized as lawful. In
other cases, a war crime will occur, provided for in Part 1 of Article 1 of Article
438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The characteristic of the corresponding
segment of the international legal conventual framework, to which the disposition
of Part 1 of the specified article refers, is given. The features of the qualification of
seizure by a combatant of property belonging to his own army, as well as unlawful
actions with the property of civilians committed in the context of an armed
conflict, are clarified. Criteria have been developed for distinguishing lawful
damage or destruction of property in the context of an armed conflict (collateral
damage) from unlawful, war crime.

THEORETICAL AND LEGAL MODEL OF CRIMINALIZATION OF SOCIALLY DANGEROUS ACTS RELATED TO THE CONDUCT OF ECONOMIC OR OTHER ACTIVITIES IN TERRITORIES THAT ARE ASSIGNED TO THE CATEGORY OF DANGEROUS OR POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS

Y.V. ORLOV, A.M. YASHCHENKO, S.S. TERESHCHUK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal regulation of mine action in
Ukraine and the search for ways to improve the efficiency of mine action and
protect citizens from the dangerous effects of the consequences of war by means
of criminal legislation of Ukraine. Based on the results of the systemic legal
analysis of the legal regulation of mine action in Ukraine, the author proposes to
introduce criminal liability for conducting economic or other activities in the
territories classified as dangerous or potentially dangerous. The author also
emphasises the expediency of providing at the legislative level for the possibility
of a subsidiary criminal law response to the involvement of legal entities as
economic and other entities in violations of the requirements of legislation related
to the conduct of economic or other activities in the territories classified as
dangerous or potentially dangerous, the essence of which would be to apply to the
involved legal entities the criminal law measures provided for in Section XIV-I of
the General Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.

CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION OF MEDIA ACTIVITIES

M.L. PAHNIN, V.P. YEMELIANOV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to identifying contradictory provisions in the current
criminal liability law contained in the norms aimed at protecting mass media
activities and developing proposals for improving these legal provisions and law
enforcement practices.
It has been established that the amendments to the Criminal Code of
Ukraine introduced by the Law of Ukraine dated May 14, 2015, No. 421-VIII, in
several provisions do not comply with the principles of criminalizing socially
dangerous acts, thereby creating contradictions in the current criminal legislation.
In particular, the principle of systemic legal consistency is violated by the
fact that the new Articles 345-1, 347-1, 348-1, and 349-1 of the Criminal Code are
placed in Section XV of the Special Part of the Criminal Code, while the provisions
on obstructing the lawful professional activities of journalists (Article 171 of the
Criminal Code) remain in Section V of the Special Part. It would be more
appropriate to exclude Article 171 from the Code and incorporate its provisions
into a new Article 343-1 of the Criminal Code.
Furthermore, the principle of systemic legal consistency and the principle of
proportionality of prohibitions are not upheld, as the special provision on the
attempted murder of a journalist (Article 348-1 of the Criminal Code) prescribes a
less severe penalty than the corresponding general provision (paragraph 8 of Part
2 of Article 115 of the Criminal Code). To address this, it is proposed that the
penalty under the general provision should be less severe than that under the
special provision. Additionally, certain inconsistencies between general (Articles
121, 122 of the Criminal Code) and special (Parts 2 and 3 of Article 345-1 of the
Criminal Code) norms have been identified in cases involving the imposition of
penalties for inflicting moderate or severe bodily harm under aggravating
circumstances. Therefore, it is proposed to supplement paragraph 12,
subparagraph 3, of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine
dated June 4, 2010, No. 7 with the following text: if a special provision does not
include the aggravating circumstances specified in the general provision, resulting
in the general provision prescribing a more severe punishment than the special
provision, the offender's actions should be additionally qualified under the
general provision. The principles of systemic legal consistency, completeness, clarity, and
uniformity of terminology are also violated in cases where provisions addressing
liability for offenses against both the victim and related persons use different
terminology for the latter in various articles—such as "close relatives", "close
relatives or family members", and "close persons." Therefore, it is proposed that
all such provisions of the law use a single universal term: "close persons."

PENALTIES AND OTHER CRIMINAL LAW MEASURES FOR CORRUPTION- RELATED CRIMES COMMITTED BY AN OFFICIAL OF A PUBLIC LAW LEGAL ENTITY

A.V. RAVLIUK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article gives an analysis of penalties and other criminal law measures
provided for in the Criminal Code of Ukraine for corruption-related crimes
committed by an official of a public law legal entity (Articles 364, 368, 368-5, 369
of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). It also focuses on identifying shortcomings in
their legislative definition, as well as highlighting the peculiarities of the
application of some of them.
The author notes that the legislative definition of penalties in the sanctions
of certain articles of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine cannot but
raise concerns from the perspective of the rules established by criminal law
doctrine for the construction of criminal law sanctions. The author emphasizes
that the negative legal consequences of committing certain corruption-related
crimes in the sphere of official activity, in addition to punishment, are also
manifested in other measures of criminal law, which can be applied both to
individuals and legal entities.

APPLICABLE ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 407 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE (UNAUTHORIZED LEAVING OF A MILITARY UNIT OR PLACE OF SERVICE)

A.M. SHULHA, O.D. MINENKOV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the applied application of the
criminal offense provided for in Art. 407 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine
“Unauthorized abandonment of a military unit or place of service”. The issues ofestablishing the subject composition of unauthorized abandonment of a military
unit or place of service are determined. The inconsistency of the subject of the
offense under consideration with the provisions of the sectoral law “On military
duty and military service” is revealed. It is proposed to bring this criminal law
institution into line. The regulatory and legal framework on the basis of which the
object of the criminal offense provided for in Art. 407 of the Criminal Code of
Ukraine is formed is analyzed. The essence of military service as an activity of
military personnel related to ensuring the defense of Ukraine, its independence
and territorial integrity is analyzed. Based on the analysis of regulatory legal acts,
it was determined that military service is established in order to prepare citizens
of Ukraine to defend the Fatherland, to provide personnel for the Armed Forces of
Ukraine, other military formations established in accordance with the laws of
Ukraine, as well as special-purpose law enforcement agencies, the positions of
which are staffed by military personnel. It was determined that the objective side
of the unauthorized abandonment of a military unit or place of service was
constructed by the legislator as a formal component of the offense, which obliges
the investigator to focus on a socially dangerous act (action or inaction). A
distinction was made between the subjective side of the unauthorized
abandonment of a military unit or place of service and desertion. A range of
negative factors that constitute the causes of the emergence and existence of such
a phenomenon as the unauthorized abandonment of a military unit or place of
service and desertion was outlined.

CRIMINAL ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN UKRAINE

V.I. BONDARENKO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the criminological analysis of human trafficking in
Ukraine. The values of the dynamics of reproduction of human trafficking for
2015–2024 allow us to identify sinusoidal fluctuations with an interval of 1 year.
The only exception is the period 2015–2017, in which the level has been
increasing for two years (2016 and 2017). The remaining years of the dynamics
series alternately demonstrate an increase and decrease in the level without a
general pronounced trend. The average value of the series is 198 crimes. The
criminal-law structure of human trafficking indicates the severity of this crime,
the highly dangerous nature of criminal practices. Directly in the structure of
criminal offenses provided for in Art. 149 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, those
prevail, the features of the composition of which are fixed in Part 2 of this article.
At the same time, it is worth emphasizing the dynamic changes in the structure,
which, although they do not show a stable trend, are less evident in the episodic
increase in the share of especially qualified elements in the structure of criminal
offenses provided for in Article 149 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which is
almost never recorded on a significant scale by the indicator of the main element
of the crime. A relatively high share of group criminal activity in the structure of
human trafficking is recorded.

CRIMINOLOGY ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN MODERN DETERMINANTS OF TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME

O.S. HORASH, K.O. CHEREVKO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the determinants of transnational organized crime.
The main types of criminogenic factors contributing to the emergence and activity
of transnational organized criminal groups are considered. The author analyzes
them and provides a brief description of the main types of determinants of
criminal activity in terms of its content, such as: economic factors, political factors,
social factors, technological factors, geographical and demographic factors.

COLLABORATIONISM: FEATURES OF DETERMINATION AND CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES OF COUNTERACTION

O.M. LYTVYNOV, Y.V. ORLOV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the study of the determination of collaborationism
in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Motivational types of
collaborationism are determined. An explanatory model of the frontier nature of
Ukrainian society is developed. The main components of frontiers are described,
the meaning of frontier crime is explained, which also includes criminal
collaborationism. Key ideological elements of the strategy of defrontirization of
Ukrainian society are proposed, which involves aggressive socio-cultural
interiorization in the humanitarian sphere, a change in mental and praxeological
attitudes.

MEASURES TO COMBAT CRIME IN WARTIME: AN EVOLUTIONARY STAGE OR A TEMPORAL PHENOMENON?

I.H. LUTSENKO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This article analyzes the issues of crime during wartime and explores the
role of counteractive measures within the context of civilizational development.
The author examines how war affects the social, economic, political, and security
aspects of a country, with a particular focus on the rising levels of violence and the
breakdown of law and order in times of conflict. The article highlights that the
consequences of war, similar to the crime itself, can alter social structures, shift
interactions between states and citizens, and give rise to new forms of criminal
activity, including war crimes, looting, terrorism, human trafficking, and
violations of human rights. Additionally, the author discusses the historical progression of crime alongside the ongoing existence of wars since ancient times.
It is argued that historical experiences and examples can inform the development
of measures to combat crime during wartime, especially considering current
challenges. The author presents arguments supporting the view that measures to
counteract crime in wartime represent both an evolutionary stage in humanity's
civilizational development and a temporal phenomenon tied to specific events
with time constraints.

CRIMINOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF CRIME IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SPHERE

S.I. MARKO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In Ukraine, a significant number of criminal offenses of an environmental
nature are registered annually. Based on the research conducted, the author
concludes that the average annual rate of registration of criminal offenses under
Articles 236-254 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is 2967 (analysis of statistical
data from 2002 to 2024). In addition, a certain part of criminal offenses in the
environmental sphere is registered under articles that are not included in Section
VIII of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Pre-trial investigation in
such criminal proceedings is carried out by security agencies and units of the
State Bureau of Investigation, and this, accordingly, affects the official statistics of
registered criminal offenses against the environment.
The publication, using the statistical research method, based on the analysis
of data on registered criminal offenses against the environment and the study of
absolute, average and relative values, analyzes their number, average value,
specific weight, crime intensity coefficient, dynamics of the crime level, basic and
chain growth rates, absolute growth and trends. The specified information is
presented, including in the form of a table and a diagram.
Based on a systematic analysis of the array of recorded criminal offenses
over the past 23 years, a trend towards a significant increase in the number of
criminal offenses against the environment and their specific weight has been
proven. Analysis of crime dynamics using basic and chain methods indicates a
steady increase in these offenses, which is confirmed by a positive average
absolute growth. In addition, the indicator of crime intensity in the field of
environmental protection demonstrates a steady growth trend.
It has been established that the analyzed type of crime in Ukraine is one of
the most complex and poses a threat not only to the environment, but also to the
health and well-being of the population.
Intensive use of natural resources, insufficient environmental control,
corruption in law enforcement and environmental protection agencies, and a low
level of environmental awareness of the population contribute to the spread of
these criminal offenses. The study of this phenomenon requires criminological
analysis, which includes: conducting a systematic study of the indicators and level
of environmental crime in Ukraine; studying statistical data used for a systematic, methodical analysis of the state and dynamics of the analyzed crime; establishing
the rates of its growth or decline; establishing the percentage ratio of recorded
criminal offenses against the environment to the total number of all recorded
criminal offenses, etc.

CRIMINAL ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF HATE OFFENSES: QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS

O.E. MARCHENKO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the criminological analysis of the state of hate
crimes by quantitative indicators. It has been established that the trends in the
spread of hate crimes in Ukraine are clearly unfavorable. A general trend towards
an increase in the level of relevant criminal offenses in all categories is recorded,
especially since 2022, after the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation.
Against the background of a reduction in the territory of statistical accounting,
intensive migration processes, and partial depopulation, the growth rates of hate
crimes are determined by extremely high indicators. There is a change in the
nature of their commission towards openness, obviousness, and cynicism. The
problem of latency of this type of criminal activity is acute. Genocide, crimes
against humanity, a number of war crimes should also be attributed to hate
crimes, but to a special category of them, politically motivated, military-
contextual, which requires a separate study.

CRIMINAL SEPARATISM: QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF CRIME

P.V. SEDYKH — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The scientific article is devoted to the analysis of quantitative indicators of
criminal separatism. It is emphasized that the level of criminal separatism is
considered through the prism of the analysis of the level of crimes, the level of
criminals and the level of convictions. At the same time, for a more effective
analysis, the level of crime should be analyzed using crime coefficients. It is noted
that one of the main quantitative indicators of crime is the dynamics of crime. At
the same time, the main indicators of the dynamics of crime are the following:
absolute growth (decrease), growth rate (decrease) and growth rate (decrease).
In conclusion, it is emphasized that quantitative indicators of crime make it
possible to formulate a criminological view of criminal separatism from the point
of view of quantitative measurement.

TYPOLOGY OF INDIVIDUALS COMMITTING WAR AND WAR-RELATED CRIMES IN THE FIELD OF RADIOECOLOGICAL SAFETY

А.А. TERNAVSKA — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This article proposes a typology of individuals who commit war and war-
related crimes in the field of radioecological safety, based on general theoretical
knowledge of the criminal personality and empirical data. With regard to the war-
contextual type, which is characterized by criminal activities in the context of an
armed conflict, the author presents a typology based on social-role characteristics
and motivation within the framework of an armed conflict. The following types
and subtypes of war criminals are identified and described: ordinary combatant;
military commander; military-political leader (supreme leader, corporate leader);
aggressor-terrorist; sacrificial defender; corporate conformist; political
conformist; cowardly subtype. In addition to the types described, other
categories may be developed: either equivalent types or subtypes that further
detail the characteristics of criminal individuals and deepen the understanding of
their behavioral logic. This, in turn, will contribute to the development of effective measures for preventing and countering crime in the field of radioecological
safety. For crime prevention purposes, including criminological profiling, a cross-
typological approach may be useful, allowing for the identification of certain
integrative and combined types.

PECULIARITIES OF THE CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CRIME WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ARMED AGGRESSION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AGAINST UKRAINE

K.V. YURTAYEVA — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article provides criminological analysis of crime in Ukraine during
2014-2024 based on certain types of criminal offences committed within the
context of armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. It
identifies challenges faced by domestic judicial and law enforcement systems due
to complexity of legal evaluation of aggression and their impact on law
enforcement practice. The work ascertains the lack of unified approach to legal
evaluation of criminal offences committed within the context of armed aggression
of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, analyses changes in the approach to
their qualification and incremental rapprochement of the domestic law
enforcement practice to legal practice of international and foreign judicial
authorities. The article proposes implementing new criteria for recording of
criminal offences in order to enhance criminological analysis of crime and
elaborate efficient system of crime counteraction in conditions of hybrid war.

FORENSIC EXPERTISE IN PROVING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

V.O. HUSIEVA, A.O. SALNIKOVA — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article substantiates that domestic violence can serve as a trigger for
the commission of more serious criminal offenses. In addition to the direct
qualification under Art. 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, it often precedes
the commission of crimes related to physical violence, kidnapping, intentional
murder, incitement to suicide, sexual crimes and even criminal offenses against
property. Therefore, in their proof, procedural forms of using special knowledge
play an important role, among which forensic examinations occupy a priority place. Based on the generalization of theoretical provisions and the generalization
of empirical data, it was found that the most common among them are:
examination of weapons, traces and circumstances of their use, examination of
handprints (dactyloscopic), explosives examination, examination of petroleum
products and fuels and lubricants, some types of biological examinations. The
expediency of assigning the outlined types of forensic examinations is primarily
justified by the type of tasks that are entrusted to the expert, the peculiarities of
the investigative situation and the mechanism of criminal and illegal activity. It is
substantiated that the assignment of the outlined types of examinations should be
timely, because the materials and traces sent for examination by experts may be
influenced by a number of external factors (environment), and therefore,
postponing their assignment is inappropriate. The prospects for further scientific
research in the context of the scientific development of the researched issues are
outlined.

PECIFIC APPROACHES TO DEFINING THE MODERN PORTRAIT OF A PROFESSIONAL CYBERFRAUD

O.O. DEREVIAHIN, D.V. PASHNIEV, A.O. NOVYTSKYI — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Based on the analysis of the works of domestic and foreign scientists
dedicated to the criminological, forensic, and socio-psychological characteristics
of individuals who have committed cyber fraud, the article proposes to determine
the typologies of the modern portrait of a professional cyber fraudster according
to the type of fraud committed through illegal operations using computer
technology that allows to secure the life activities of individuals, citizens, local
government institutions, state authorities, and the global society from criminal
violations in cyberspace.
The proposed features of the modern profile of a professional cyber
fraudster serve as a basis for improving the methodology of investigating criminal
offenses in the studied category, determining the tactics of investigative (search)
and covert investigative (search) actions, applying operational and investigative
capabilities, including the use of confidential cooperation during the operational
support of criminal proceedings, organizing measures to counter and prevent
fraud committed through illegal operations using electronic computing
technology.

GENESIS OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT REGARDING MEANS OF EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

V.V. KIKINCHUK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

It has been emphasized that it is impossible to imagine criminal proceedings outside the process of proof and vice versa, because the indicated
types of activity are interconnected. It has been emphasized that the criminal
process is dynamic, undergoes changes taking into account the development of
society, the legal system, etc., and therefore individual elements (institutions) of
criminal procedural law evolve, which is reflected in scientific theories. It has
been found that the formation and development of scientific thought about the
essence, content and significance of means of proof in criminal proceedings was
carried out under the influence of many factors and directly depend on the
established approaches not only in the science of criminal procedure, but also in
evidentiary law. It has been emphasized that the direct influence on the genesis of
scientific thought about means of proof in criminal proceedings is exerted by the
constant updating of criminal procedural legislation taking into account social
needs, for example, against the background of the development of a democratic
and legal state, the implementation of international legal standards in the
domestic criminal process, the adaptation of the procedure for conducting
criminal proceedings to the conditions of martial law, etc. It has been established
that the genesis of scientific thought about means of proof in criminal proceedings
is relevant to the formation and development of scientific approaches to the
definition of the theory of evidence and criminal procedural proof. It has been
stated that the formation of scientific thought about means of proof in criminal
proceedings falls on the first half of the twentieth century, when means of proof
were considered through the prism of the characteristics of the subject of the
theory of evidence and the process of proof. It has been noted that the
development of the scientific idea about means of proof in criminal proceedings
correlates with the historical periods of the development of the criminal process
in general and the doctrine of evidence and proof in criminal proceedings in
particular. It has been established that with changes in scientific approaches to
the definition of evidence in criminal proceedings, scientific positions on the
interpretation of means of evidence have also changed: from recognizing evidence
as the only means of proof to including it in the system of means of proof along
with evidence of procedural actions, forensic means of collecting evidence, logical
techniques, etc.

CONTENT OF THE CRIMINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES RELATED TO SMUGGLING

Y.Y. KOVALІOV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The analysis of theoretical approaches, taking into account the features of
criminal illegal activity, allowed us to reasonably indicate that the content of the
forensic characteristics of criminal offenses related to smuggling must necessarily
include information about: 1) the subject of smuggling and its size
(volume/quantity), which affects the qualification of the criminal offense; 2) the
method of committing smuggling (preparation, direct commission and
concealment); 3) the specifics of the situation (in particular, whether the criminal
offense was committed outside customs control or with concealment from
customs control); 4) the characteristics of the individual criminal, members of
criminal groups involved in committing smuggling; 5) traces of criminal illegal
activity. Information about these elements becomes a proper basis for building all
other elements of the forensic methodology for investigating criminal offenses
related to smuggling. We believe that in the future, attention should be paid to
specific features that characterize these elements.

THEORETICAL AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF IMPLEMENTING THE RIGHT OF A PERSON TO FREE LEGAL AID

М.М. KOLOMOITSEV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article substantiates that the right to legal aid is an integral part of the
right to a fair trial and an important aspect of access to justice. It plays an important role in ensuring the fairness and effectiveness of the legal system,
which is based on the principle of the rule of law, and also contributes to the
formation of public trust in the judiciary. According to the Constitution of Ukraine,
every person has the state-guaranteed opportunity to freely receive legal aid in
the necessary volumes and forms (primary or secondary). This right also includes
free legal aid for persons who do not have the financial opportunity to use the
services of lawyers on a paid basis. It is determined that the main problems of the
functioning of the BPD institute include the following: 1) limited access to services
in remote regions; 2) insufficient awareness of the population due to the low level
of legal culture; 3) overload of lawyers; 4) insufficient funding; 5) insufficient
coordination between state bodies. Thus, despite the fact that modern challenges
and the development of digital technologies contribute to expanding the
possibilities of receiving primary legal aid remotely, it is important to ensure
proper technical and forensic support in all centers, bodies and institutions, to
create conditions for the uninterrupted operation of technical equipment and
digital technologies, etc. It is emphasized that post-war reconstruction still makes
these issues relevant, and therefore it is important to continue studying them.

INTERDISCIPLINARY PARADIGM IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND ACADEMIC TEACHING OF CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW: SPIRITUAL-VALUE DIMENSION

I.V. KRITSAK, O.O. AVDIEIEV, B.P. LUKIN — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the problems of developing individual
methodological principles of scientific research in the field of criminal-executive
law. We analyzed more than 50 scientific professional articles, as well as individual information resources, in order to build and see the main idea of the
sectoral legal evolution. It is proposed to draw the attention of scientists to such
researchers of criminal-executive policy and state-church relations in the
criminal-executive sphere that require their detailed development within the
framework of a separate scientific study, monographs or dissertations. The
regulatory and legal component, which is defined in the Strategy for Reforming
the Penitentiary System for the Period Until 2026, deserves research attention.
It is emphasized that teaching disciplines of the criminal law block, in
particular criminology, is unthinkable without criminal executive law. The highest
institution of social justice in a civilized society is the court, which makes
decisions in criminal proceedings. Often, as a result of its execution, the fate of a
person is decided. Due to bitterness, a person may finally decide to follow a
criminal path or vice versa - to turn back in order to bring his behavior within the
framework of law-abidingness. Always with the help of criminal executive law, it
is possible to significantly strengthen the teaching of disciplines of the criminal
law block and jurisprudence in general. It will be possible to interest the audience
in the tragic fates of people, their mutilated and broken lives or a cardinal change
for the better. The functioning of gangs in the world, as well as what and how the
criminal world lives in historical retrospect, steadfastness in evil, active activity of
"thieves in law" are extremely interesting and important for study, which can give
an incentive for real prevention and fight against crime, especially to the
young/adventurous/enthusiastic generation of lawyers and law enforcement
officers, so that society is healthy, feels safe and comfortable.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF ASSESSMENT OF THE AGGREGATED SUCCESS OF STIMULATION OF LAW-ABIDING BEHAVIOUR OF PRISONERS

О.М. LIUBARSKYI — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the theoretical and legal principles, the essence and
content of the modern paradigm and the results of critical reflection on the
problems of rational content and practical implementation of the currently
prevailing concept of assessment, the main criterion of which is prisoner's crime-
free life after release, and the key indicator is the post-penitentiary recidivism
rate, and highlights in an argumentative manner promising ways of rationally
justified, practically expedient and feasible observation, comparative analysis and
evaluation of the aggregated success of stimulation of law-abiding behaviour of
prisoners at the state, regional and global levels as a basis for the progressive development of penitentiary policy and optimization of legal regulation and
practice of execution of criminal sentences, which constitutes the value of new
scientific knowledge and benefits for the further progress of criminal justice and
jurisprudence.
Based on the results of the research, the article presents the author's
concept of an integrated assessment of the aggregated success of stimulation of
law-abiding behaviour of prisoners, the basis of which is a complex of indicators
of the number of re-prisoners, prisoners and persons convicted, and reveals its
strengths and prospects.

POLYGRAPH IN FORENSIC: THEORETICAL, LEGAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS

O.P. MAKAROVA, O.S. MATYUSHENKO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical foundations of the use
of the polygraph in forensics. The role of the polygraph as a tool for obtaining
indicative information during the investigation of crimes is considered. The legal
aspects of the use of the polygraph are analyzed, in particular, its place in the
system of evidence and observance of human rights. The principles of the
polygraph are described in detail, including the physiological reactions that are
registered and the methods of their interpretation. The article considers the
issues of ethics and reliability of the results of polygraph studies.

PECULIARITIES OF FORMING A FORENSIC CHARACTERISTIC IN CASE OF CAUSING NEGLIGENT SERIOUS OR MODERATE BODILY HARM

K.M. PENZIEVA — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the theoretical and applied issues of criminalistics
with regard to determining the specific features of the conceptual framework and
the essence of the forensic characterisation of negligent grievous or moderate
bodily harm as a scientific category. The article examines the positions of
scientists on the issues of defining the conceptual framework for forensic
characterisation of certain types of crimes and develops the author's own
definition of causing negligent grievous or moderate bodily harm. The article
examines the correlation between the criminalistic characteristics of this type of
criminal offence and the peculiarities of legal qualification of this type of crime in
comparison with intentional infliction of grievous or moderate bodily harm.
Based on the results of this research, the article provides suggestions and
recommendations for improving the provisions of Article 128 of the Criminal
Code of Ukraine and for highlighting the features of the forensic characteristics of
negligent grievous or moderate bodily harm in theoretical and law enforcement
terms.

METHODS OF INTERFERENCE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF STATE AUTHORITY BODIES

V.Y. POPOV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article determines that the methods of interference in the activities of
representatives of state authorities, as a rule, are not fully structured, they are
characterized by only two stages: preparation and direct commission. Based on
the generalization of the provisions of scientific works and materials of
investigative and judicial practice, it is determined that the typical methods of
interference in the activities of representatives of state authorities include all
those that are associated with interference in their activities by physically
obstructing the performance of functional duties. These include: failure to provide
physical access to the scene of the incident in order to further perform official
duties within the limits provided for by law; expression of ultimatums regarding
the failure of an employee of a state authority to perform his functional duties,
including with the use of threats or with the threat of not providing the
opportunity to receive certain benefits; preventing the seizure of material objects
that are private property, but which have been seized on the basis of a court
decision and which are subject to further implementation in order to ensure the
resolution of the claims that became the basis for the opening of enforcement
proceedings, etc. According to the results of the analysis of investigative and
judicial practice, it was determined that in the absolute majority of cases, the
persons involved do not commit actions to conceal illegal activities.

TYPICAL METHODS OF COMMITTING CRIMINAL OFFENSES BY PROFESSIONAL PARTICIPANTS OF JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS

Y.Y. SUP — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article determines that the typical methods of committing criminal
offenses against justice by professional participants of judicial proceedings
include the following: 1) exerting pressure (psychological or physical (for
example, physical detention in certain places)) on participants of criminal
proceedings; 2) inciting to commit or not commit certain actions (for example, to
refuse a defense lawyer); 3) making threats against a participant of judicial
proceedings; 4) disrupting the operation of the automated document flow system in courts; 5) bribery; 6) discrediting (blackmail); 7) obstructing lawful activities
(for example, of a lawyer, thereby violating a person's right to defense), etc. It was
found that usually such methods are full-structured, as they include actions
related to preparation, direct commission, and concealment of a criminal offense.
Actions related to preparation include studying the victim's personality, choosing
favorable circumstances for the implementation of criminal intent, attracting
accomplices, selecting methods and means for its implementation, forging
documents, etc.

IMANENT SIGNS OF OPPOSITION TO THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES

O.M. TARKAN — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article determines that the following are appropriate to include as
inherent signs of opposition to the investigation: 1) opposition to the
investigation is a form of social activity that may take on an unlawful (criminal)
nature; 2) it is aimed at creating unfavorable conditions and obstacles to
establishing the truth in criminal proceedings, associated with making it
impossible to solve the tasks of criminal proceedings; 3) is implemented in both active and passive forms of behavior; 4) can be committed in the form of a single
intentional action or consists in committing a whole complex of actions; 5) can be
implemented after the opening of criminal proceedings, but in some cases and
before the moment of entering information about criminal proceedings into the
Unified Register of Pre-Trial Investigations; 6) actions committed for the purpose
of counteraction may be associated with the physical and intellectual impact on
individual objects (including living persons), aimed at preventing other actions
and complicating the achievement of the legitimate goals of the representatives of
the prosecution, therefore, if we present counteraction in a model, then this is the
action of the subject - marked by a specific goal - directed towards a specific
object (the material world or a living person). It is emphasized that counteraction
to the investigation can take various forms. The choice of a specific form is
determined by a number of factors of a subjective and objective nature. Regarding
individual forms, there may be grounds for determining a number of additional
features that are not inherent in other forms. We have listed only those of them
that characterize counteraction as a phenomenon of objective reality that takes
place in the law enforcement activities of the prosecution. It is important to
further investigate all the forms that can be implemented to hinder the activities
of the prosecution.

EXPERT'S OPINION IN ECONOMIC CRIMINAL OFFENSES

V.O. USATII — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article, based on a generalization of a number of theoretical
developments and empirical data, states that the changes that the Criminal
Procedure Code of Ukraine is undergoing are due to time and further prospects
for ensuring a quick, complete and impartial investigation. It is emphasized that
such is the novella, which provides for the possibility of using a new type of
evidence in criminal proceedings regarding criminal offenses - expert opinions,
but while they cause more discussion than recognition among practitioners and
theorists, judicial practice has almost adapted to the use of expert opinions in the
process of proving.
Based on the analysis of court decisions, it is established that such evidence
is used in a number of different criminal offenses, but courts assess their
admissibility differently: in some cases they are taken into account when making
decisions, in others - they are recognized as inadmissible evidence. It is
substantiated that the issue of bringing the current doctrine of criminal
procedural law into proper form has been updated so that all unregulated aspects
of obtaining a specialist's opinion, his legal status, confirmation of the availability
of professional qualifications, and the procedure for engaging them have acquired
their regulatory consolidation.

CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF THE CONCEPT OF INADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE IN UKRANIAN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

Y.V. TSIMURA — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The constitutional basis of the concept of inadmissibility of evidence in
criminal proceedings has been investigated. It has been established that the rule
on the inadmissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings should be considered
as a guarantee against groundless and unfounded accusation, which has
constitutional roots and is a component of the principle of the presumption of
innocence and the right to a fair trial. It is noted that the legislator's approach,
applied in Part 1 of Article 87 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine to
divide violations of human rights and freedoms into essential and non-essential, is
unconstitutional, as it leads to a violation of the constitutional obligation of the
state to guarantee constitutional rights and freedoms, which is defined in Part 2 of
Article 22 of the Constitution of Ukraine.
When determining the grounds for recognizing evidence as inadmissible,
the concepts of violation of human rights and freedoms and their restrictions
should be distinguished. Restriction of human rights and freedoms consists in the
legislative narrowing of their content and scope, which is carried out for the
purpose of due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and
ensuring the fair requirements of morality, public order and general well-being in
a democratic society. When as a violation of rights and freedoms is an activity that
consists in non-compliance with legally defined human rights and freedoms and mechanisms for their restriction.

POWERS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MINISTRY OF FINANCE OF UKRAINE IN ENSURING THE BALANCE OF THE STATE BUDGET UNDER MARTIAL LAW

V.A. BAHATYI — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to exploring the administrative and legal nature of the
powers and responsibilities of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine in the context of
ensuring the balance of the state budget under martial law. It reveals the
mechanisms for implementing financial policy aimed at achieving public finance
stability in extraordinary circumstances. The study analyzes legal acts that define
the Ministry’s authority in the field of budgetary control and outlines approaches
to ensuring legality and efficiency in financial governance. The article emphasizes
the importance of integrating centralized decision-making with local self-
government in financial regulation. It is established that the Ministry performs a
coordination and control function covering all stages of the budget process from
planning to reportingь while taking into account the risks posed by wartime
conditions. Special attention is paid to the legal forms of liability for violations of
the principle of budget balance, with regard to current practices and national
security threats.

LEGALITY AND DISCIPLINE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL STATE

O.I. BEZPALOVA, O.V. DZHAFAROVA, N.Y. HRIDINA — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The scientific article proves that compliance with the law and discipline in
the performance of official duties by civil servants (police) has always been a
relevant issue, as it is a necessary condition for the further development of
Ukraine. Strengthening the law and discipline in the performance of administrative law enforcement activities, which in turn forms and maintains law
and order in the state, requires the effectiveness of the performance of law
enforcement functions by the National Police. It is emphasized that a police
officer, while performing his official duties, directs his efforts to serve society by
ensuring the protection of human rights and freedoms, combating crime,
maintaining public safety and order on the basis of ethics and universal human
values. It is determined that the strategic goal of legality and discipline in a
democratic state based on the rule of law is to organize social relations through
legal regulation in such a way that they ensure the progressive, progressive
development of the country.

SOME PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF PREVENTING CRIMINAL OFFENSES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SPHERE IN UKRAINE

I.H. BOHATYROV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The most sensitive indicators of a society’s civilizational maturity are
criminal offenses in the areas of environmental safety, environmental protection,
and the misuse of budgetary funds. The growing trend of environmental crime in
general, and crimes related to subsoil use at the expense of the state budget and
the environment in particular, poses a significant challenge for Ukraine, especially
under the conditions of martial law.
By the way, it is the military illegal actions of the aggressor state — the
Russian Federation — that have caused enormous damage to environmental
safety and the environment, especially in the territories occupied by the enemy.
Therefore, the issues of combating and preventing criminal offenses in the fields
of subsoil use, environmental protection, and other types of natural resource
exploitation — including through the misuse of budgetary funds — are highly
relevant and require ongoing scientific attention.
The misuse of public funds allocated by the state for environmental safety
and protection by individuals vested with public authority contributes to reckless,
corporatized commercialization, significant imitation of environmental and
criminological policy, and a deepening of social injustice among members of
society.
Unfortunately, criminal statistics are replenished daily with cases of minor
offenses, while the most dangerous criminal activities of financial-industrial and
organized criminal groups in the environmental sphere remain largely beyond the
reach of a highly politicized criminal justice system.
Thus, environmental crime under the legal regime of martial law represents
a highly profitable type of business within politico-economic criminal practices,
and only law enforcement agencies are capable of counteracting it. Accordingly, in
the course of our study on the prevention of criminal offenses in the
environmental sphere, we employed a methodology aimed at understanding and
addressing the problem through the use of criminal liability by law enforcement
agencies for the misuse of state-allocated environmental protection funds.
In addressing the prevention of criminal offenses in the environmental
sphere, we hypothesized the practical need for a comprehensive, scientifically
grounded study aimed at providing practical recommendations to law
enforcement bodies regarding criminal-preventive activities in this field.
The article notes that existing criminological research is substantial and
distinguished by the depth of its scientific developments. However, it mostly
pertains to general issues of preventing criminal offenses in the environmental
domain. In order to harmonize national legislation with EU law, there is a need to
introduce a series of amendments to the articles that establish criminal liability for environmental violations in Ukraine. Furthermore, it is necessary to address
the issue of aligning criminal-legal norms aimed at ensuring environmental
security with the corresponding administrative-legal regulations in the field of
environmental protection.

ON THE ISSUE OF ECOCIDE IN THE CONTEXT OF FULL-SCALE INVASION

M.P. BUKIN — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article states that since the beginning of the full-scale invasion, Ukraine
has suffered unprecedented blows not only to civilian infrastructure, higher
education institutions, unique domestic enterprises, but also to the environment.
The provisions of the World Charter for Nature 1982 and the Rio de Janeiro
Declaration on Environment and Development 1992 are considered. It is noted
that currently, in the context of the consequences of a full-scale armed invasion,
there is a need to rethink the provisions of these international documents, in
particular, in the context of condemning not only the use of certain weapons that
harm the environment, but also the methods and tactics of their application, in
particular, in terms of the inadmissibility of targeted attacks on nuclear power
plants, hydroelectric power plants, biosphere reserves, including attacks in the
immediate vicinity of them, when the downing of a missile or drone by air defense
forces can lead to irreparable consequences for nature and all of humanity.
The admissibility of the possibility of committing ecocide not only in
wartime, but also in peacetime is substantiated. The manifestations of ecocide in
Ukraine in the context of a full-scale invasion are analyzed, in particular, the direct
destruction of hydroelectric power plants and attempts to damage nuclear power
plants (the explosion of the Kakhovka hydroelectric power plant by the Russian
army in 2023); indirect consequences of rocket attacks, which include difficult
access for the population to drinking water, proper sanitation, electricity, and
deterioration of air quality.

ON THE ISSUE OF PREVENTING INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: MANAGERIAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS

S.S. VASHCHENKO, Y.O. PONOMAROVA, O.M. SITALO, D.M. KUSHNIR — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article states that the issue of preventing international terrorism is
closely related to the moral and ethical component of society's life, the
postmodern consciousness that has become dominant in the modern world. The
article analyzes individual provisions of the Council of Europe Convention on the
Prevention of Terrorism and the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism
Strategy. It is noted that the ethical aspect of preventing international terrorism
includes considering the foundations for committing terrorist acts, which are laid
at the level of religion, family upbringing with the appropriate instillation in the
child of a system of ideas and values that somehow justify terrorism. At the same
time, the ethical aspect involves determining the ethically permissible framework
for interference by law enforcement agencies in the personal lives of citizens. It is
emphasized that the prevention of international terrorism is inextricably linked
with the exercise of appropriate managerial influence, the determination of the
relationship between the adopted managerial decisions and the aggravation of the
problem of terrorism, which reveals the essence of the managerial aspect of the
studied issues.

REGULATORY AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE CONCEPT OF «SECRET»: ESSENCE, FEATURES AND PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS

D.Y. DENISCHUK, O.V. DZHAFAROVA, S.O. SHATRAVA — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the problem of various definitions of the concept of
«secret» contained in national legislation and scientific legal literature, the article
examines existing approaches to the legal regulation of this phenomenon. Using

general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, it is established that the
legislatively defined cases of restriction of access to «information» are aimed at
ensuring the socially useful function of regulating relations in order to prevent
harm from the disclosure of certain information.
The absence of a single regulatory legal act that would establish a list of all
varieties of «secrets» is noted, and the essence of the reasons that complicate the
classification of «secrets» is also emphasized.
The conclusion is made about the inexpediency of codifying the relevant
legal norms at the current stage of development of national legislation. The use of
incorporation (based on the main features of the «secret» category) as an
approach, the results of which can be effectively used in the processes of
education, training and rulemaking, is proposed.

FORMATION OF LEGAL POLICY IN THE FIELD OF SECURITY AND DEFENSE OF UKRAINE: CHALLENGES, PRIORITIES, AND IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS

R.V. ZELENIN — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The relevance of the topic of legal policy-making in the field of security and
defense of Ukraine is due to the complexity of the security environment in which
the State operates, primarily due to the armed aggression against Ukraine,
intensification of hybrid threats, and the need to adapt national legislation to
NATO standards and the legal system of the European Union. The article examines
the theoretical and methodological foundations of legal policy as a holistic
strategy of the State aimed at ensuring national security through a developed
system of legal norms, institutions and administrative mechanisms. The author
substantiates that legal policy in this area should comply with the principles of
consistency, legitimacy, responsibility and legal certainty, and should be capable
of adaptation in the face of dynamic changes in internal and external threats. The
author highlights the key challenges for lawmaking and law enforcement
activities, including regulatory fragmentation, problems of balancing security
needs and human rights, and threats of excessive militarization of the legal space.
Attention is focused on the strategic priorities of legal policy, among which the
most important are strengthening parliamentary control, effective functioning of
civilian oversight institutions, creation of a single regulatory platform for the
security sector, and digital transformation of management decisions. The
mechanisms for implementing this policy at the level of legislative, institutional
and managerial support are revealed, taking into account the practical aspects of
the functioning of the security sector under martial law. The author emphasizes
the need to develop a long-term model of legal policy aimed at protecting
democratic values, ensuring the constitutional order and guaranteeing the
stability of public administration in the field of security and defense.

ON THE ISSUE OF SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL POLICE OF UKRAINE UNDER MARTIAL LAW

V.Y. KIKINCHUK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article argues that in conditions of martial law, when the security and
defense forces of the state are faced with unprecedented challenges, the stability
of national resistance, the effectiveness of the activities of bodies and units during
permanent adaptation to an extremely changeable and unpredictable security environment depend on their scientific support.
It is noted that since ancient times, higher education institutions have
become epicenters of the development of scientific knowledge. Such a role in the
field of law enforcement and the training of highly qualified legal personnel is
played by higher education institutions with specific training conditions that train
police officers. The available human and material and technical potential allows
us to consider such higher education institutions as platforms for constant
interaction between the scientific community and practical units.
Attention is focused on the fact that mastering the methodology of scientific
activity allows future police officers to competently draft any procedural
documents, give a comprehensive written or oral response to lawyers' inquiries,
critically analyze the situation in professional activities, and demonstrate a high
level of communicative competence, which involves establishing interaction with
a wide range of subjects, maintaining constructive cooperation and trusting
relationships with them. The impact of martial law on the scientific activity of
higher education institutions is analyzed, and problems such as colossal
destruction of infrastructure, reduction of state funding for scientific activity, and
personnel problems are outlined, which domestic scientists are working on
solving, in particular in terms of administrative and legal support.

IMPRESSIONS OF THE TEXTBOOK “CRIMINOLOGY (COMMON PART)” (2025), EDITED BY Y. V. ORLOV, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF TEACHERS AND MENTORS IN OUR LIVES.

I.V. KRITSAK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The publication is characterized by scientific depth, academic rigorous
structure and a high level of interdisciplinary approach that provides a
comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of crime, its patterns and
mechanisms of counteraction. Outstanding personalities, professors O. M. Litvinov
and Yu. Orlov, made a significant contribution to the development of the
criminological school, laying the foundations for the foundations of the modern
understanding of criminological processes. The textbook traces the connection
between the legacy of prominent scholars and modern trends in criminological
science, which makes the publication not only educational, but also scientific and
practical a reference point for new generations of lawyers. It offers not only a
systematic analysis of crime, but also reveals important of crime, but also reveals
the importance of mentoring, the continuity of scientific school and moral
guidelines in the education of a new generation of lawyers. Special emphasis is
placed emphasis is placed on the role of such teachers as academician O.
Pohribnyi, who not only not only transmitted knowledge but also shaped
professional culture and academic traditions. Given its high quality, in-depth
analysis, and relevance, the textbook “Criminology (General Part)” (2025) is a
significant contribution to legal science to legal science, which will contribute to
the training of highly qualified specialists and will ensure the development of
criminological thinking in future lawyers and scientists.

LAWMAKING IN THE CRIMINAL-LEGAL SPHERE: BETWEEN TRADITIONALISM AND INNOVATION

I.V. KRITSAK, Y.Y. INSHEKOVA, I.S. POLYAKOV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the deep substantive foundations of the formation of criminal legislation of Ukraine in the context of
transformations of legal reality (past, current, present and future law). The author
focuses on lawmaking as a multidimensional, spiritual and intellectual
phenomenon which encompasses not only normative construction but also the
symbolic mission of establishing justice and law and order. From the standpoint
of academic experience and scientific heritage of the classics of the Ukrainian
school of criminal law, in particular, V. Tatsiy, P. Fries, Y. Baulin, V. Tyutyugin, O.
Dudorov, O. Lytvynov, and Y. Orlov, the author examines the essence of criminal
law as a manifestation of the highest level of legal thinking, where each legal
provision is considered not only as a legal provision, but also as a socio-cultural
construction with sacred meaning.
The author emphasizes the need to maintain a balance between “stability
and dynamism” of criminal legislation, and the threat of “legislative viruses” that
violate the systemic integrity of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The author
criticizes the chaotic lawmaking which devalues the doctrine and practical
effectiveness of the provisions. The author highlights the role of professionalism,
doctrinal thinking and moral responsibility of lawyers in the process of
lawmaking. The study also emphasizes the importance of the spiritual and
cultural basis of the Ukrainian legal tradition, in particular, Orthodox values,
which can and should fill lawmaking with humanistic content.
Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the Special Part of Criminal
Law as the structural core of the criminal liability system, the issues of unification
and classification of criminal offenses, the role of sanctions in the implementation
of the principle of justice, and modeling of the future Criminal Code of Ukraine
with due regard for the national mentality, social reality, experience of judicial
practice and wartime challenges. The author concludes that the new Criminal
Code of Ukraine should not be a “space construction”, but a simple, logical,
accessible, but at the same time profound instrument of justice which would meet
the needs of the people, the challenges of the times and the high standards of legal
science.

SPIRITUAL-VALUE CONCEPT OF LEGAL UNDERSTANDING: CONTENT, ESSENCE AND ROLE IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF CRIME AND COUNTERACTION AGAINST IT

I.V. KRITSAK, I.M. ISCHYK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Today’s society, striving for harmonious development, needs to rethink the
concept and idea of service - both at the level of the individual and in the general
social dimension/format. Service as a personal position, phenomenon and process
has deep religious, theoretical and legal, criminological/criminotheological
aspects that remain insufficiently studied today. The instruction of serving one's
neighbor, expressed by Jesus Christ in the words: “Whoever wants to be the
greatest among you, let him be the servant of all” (Matthew 20:26-28) not only
has moral, ethical, spiritual and value significance, but also acquires special
relevance and importance, especially now, in the twenty-first century, in the
context of building a rule-of-law state and preventing crime. Realization of the
idea of service and its practical implementation can become a key factor in social
stability, strengthening of law and order institutions, and overall progress and
prosperity. Fostering social responsibility and a healthy Ukrainian nation through
the idea of service and the concept of biblical studies/bibliotherapy is a strategic
direction that can bring the Ukrainian state and law to a new level and stage of
advanced development.
An important element in the realization of social service is an effective
system of the concept of “law enforcement” based on moral and legal standards.
Law is a valuable resource of society, like a diamond, which must be carefully
protected. Without the spiritual and value dimension, this protection becomes
formal and superficial. That is why modern law enforcement is increasingly
integrating humanistic values supported by spiritual and cultural principles,
ensuring a balance between the rules of law, traditions, customs and morality of
society.
True professionalism in criminology is born not only from academic
knowledge, but also from a sincere desire to explore the depths of this science
through self-education. Even starting from an amateur level, a criminologist can
reach the highest levels of proficiency if he or she has the internal motivation, perseverance, and willingness to delve into the complex theoretical and practical
aspects of his or her field. And most importantly, it is the support of teachers,
mentors, and like-minded people. It is the desire for continuous development,
analysis of the deep processes of crime and the search for effective methods of
counteracting it that opens the way to true expertise and recognition in
criminological science.

THE PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT OF PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS IN UKRAINE UNDER MARTIAL LAW

S.S. LUKASH, N.V. KOBETS — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article analyzes the views of individual scientists on the protection of
human rights in wartime, who have long been interested in the deep essence of war, its role and impact on an individual and society as a whole. The position of
the writer E. M. Remarque is considered in the context of the researched issues, in
whose words, in a somewhat artistic form, the main vocation of protecting human
rights in wartime is traced - to preserve the ability of both an individual and
society to creativity and critical thinking despite challenges and restrictions after
their abolition. Some provisions of the Comprehensive Strategic Plan for
Reforming Law Enforcement Agencies as Part of the Security and Defense Sector
of Ukraine for 2023-2027 are analyzed. The essence of the integrity of justice in
the context of protecting human rights in Ukraine under martial law is
substantiated.

ON THE ISSUE OF DISCIPLINARY AND CIVIL LIABILITY OF POLICE OFFICERS

S.S. LUKASH, K.S. NAUMENKO, I.P. PURIHA, M.O. LUKIANOV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article noted that discipline, decency, responsibility, and integrity of
police officers acquire special significance and a fundamentally new meaning in
conditions of martial law. The current features of disciplinary responsibility of
police officers are identified. It is emphasized that the leading task of disciplinary
responsibility of police officers is not to maintain current requirements and
institutional rules, but to ensure the development of high professional and
personal qualities of a police officer. Attention is drawn to the fact that the
upbringing of a high level of discipline, including through the application of
disciplinary sanctions, must begin at the stage of training a future police officer. It
is argued that the essence of civil liability of police officers is connected with the
ability of the state to politically and legally bear civil liability for arbitrary and
illegal restrictions by representatives of law enforcement agencies on human
rights and freedoms.

ON THE ISSUE OF ANTI-CORRUPTION COMPONENT ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL POLICE

M.Y. NOVYK, O.M. NAZAROV, M.O. KOLESNYK, V.H. NIKOLAIENKO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article analyzed the deep historical roots of corruption, dating back to
the times of Ancient Rome. The activities of Transparency International were
studied and the relevant Transparency International ratings were developed,
which demonstrate the scale of the corruption problem in Ukraine. The main
indicators of the police's activity in responding to committed corruption offenses
and offenses related to corruption were determined, and statistical data were
considered, indicating the effectiveness of such activities of the police.
The significant potential of civil society in conducting targeted educational
work with the population was emphasized. The essence of the legal education
work of the police in interaction with the public in the course of preventing
corruption was revealed. The latest forms of police interaction with the public in
the course of carrying out legal education work aimed at preventing corruption, in
particular, the implementation by police officers of community security initiatives
that can be implemented in the community and solve current problems of
preventing corruption; Conducting explanatory and legal education work with
school students by police officers of the Educational Security Service in order to
convey information about the scale and consequences of the problem of
corruption in Ukraine.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL MEASURES TO ENSURING THE SECURITY OF DIGITAL SERVICES IN THE ASPECT OF COMBATING CYBERCRIME IN UKRAINE

O.S. PEREDERII, L.V. KULACHOK-TITOVA — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article, using methods of comprehensive analysis, presents a system
of organizational and legal measures to ensure the security of digital services in
terms of combating cybercrime in Ukraine. In particular, this includes
strengthening the trust of the private sector and citizens in digital services
provided by the state, unconditional fulfillment of requirements for ensuring
cybersecurity and cyber protection during their provision, development of
national information infrastructure, development of national standards in the
field of cybersecurity, creation of bodies to assess the compliance of providers of
electronic trust services with the requirements for qualified providers of qualified
electronic trust services and authentication of their users, increasing the
effectiveness of the system for protecting citizens' personal data by harmonizing
the legislation of Ukraine with the relevant legislation of the European Union.
Based on the analysis of the provisions of the current legislative acts
regulating state policy in the field of cybersecurity, as well as the processing of
analytical materials on these issues, the content of measures to ensure digital
services is disclosed, and attention is also focused on the existing problems of
their full implementation. In particular, these are the issues of ensuring the
security of users of the most state electronic applications, preserving the industry
principle of informatization of state bodies, optimizing the architecture of
information security management, which organizations and state authorities can
create and use for their own protection, functional problems of the activities of
bodies assessing the compliance of providers of electronic trust services with the
established requirements, achieving unification of the process of applying
authentication methods for all ministries and departments, the issue of achieving
effective cooperation between European partners in the digital services market.
The position on the need for further work on legal regulation of procedures
for achieving security and transparency in the provision of digital services, timely
identification and neutralization of relevant risks and threats to cybersecurity is
substantiated. Accordingly, the current task of legal science is to form
scientifically based proposals for improving the legal support for the development
of both the digital services market itself and the security of the national digital
environment.

CURRENT FEATURES OF TACTICAL AND SPECIAL TRAINING OF POLICE OFFICERS IN MARTIAL LAW CONDITIONS

M.M. PIDOIMA, K.A. FEDCHENKO, S.I. IVASHYNA, R.V. PROTSENKO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article analyzes the historical experience of the formation of military
tactics and strategy in the global context. The essence of such a feature of tactical
and special training of police officers in martial law conditions is considered, as
the focus on ensuring high combat readiness of personnel through the prism of
taking into account readiness for various combat situations that can occur not
only on the battlefield, but also suddenly arise in settlements, the author's
recommendations are given on taking into account this feature during tactical
training classes in the system of police officer training. Attention is drawn to such
features of tactical and special training of police officers in martial law conditions
as the need for personnel to acquire skills related to group performance of
operational tasks and the focus on acquiring psychophysical readiness to perform
the tasks set. It is noted that in the process of forming psychophysical readiness of
police officers to perform tasks in martial law conditions, the role of special
psychological training is actualized. It is emphasized that in tactical and special
training classes it is impossible to fully recreate combat conditions with all the
stimuli and factors that influence the actions of personnel in real conditions.
However, this is considered possible with the help of virtual reality technologies.

MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION OF UKRAINE AS A FACTOR IN COUNTERING RUSSIA'S ARMED AGGRESSION

O.V. PLETNOV, Y.V. KOVALENKO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the problems of legal regulation of military-
technical cooperation, which is a significant factor in ensuring repulsion of the
armed aggression of the Russian Federation. The author analyses the scientific
works whose authors have studied the peculiarities of military-technical
cooperation in general and in the context of Russia's armed aggression in the field
of public administration, economics and law. The author's own definition of the
essence of military-technical cooperation is formulated, and its features are
determined.
The author comes to the conclusion that there is a need to form a solid legal
basis for military-technical cooperation in all elements of its components, taking
into account its form and content, in particular in the context of armed conflict.
The author analyses the legal nature of military-technical cooperation as a
structural element of the national security mechanism, and details its place in the
content of military security.
The author analyses the legal framework that substantiates the form,
content and directions of military-technical cooperation in peacetime and armed
conflict. Legislation defining the legal regime of military-technical cooperation is
structured, highlighting the fundamental provisions of the constitutional and conceptual levels, where the latter is regulated by the Law of Ukraine ‘On National
Security of Ukraine’ and special legislation in the field of defence policy
implementation. The legal mechanism for regulating relations in the sphere of
ensuring national security components is systematic and structured through the
development of relevant strategic regulatory acts of a forward-looking nature,
with special attention paid to the Strategy for the Development of the Defence
Industry of Ukraine and the Strategic Defence Bulletin of Ukraine.
The author proposes to amend the current legislation to improve the
mechanism of legal regulation of military-technical cooperation, in particular in
the context of armed conflict, and to strengthen intellectual property rights in
respect of the results of creative and intellectual activity created within such
activities.

DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVING THE REGULATORY AND LEGAL REGULATION OF ENSURING LEGALITY IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

I.M. POPOVYCH — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

It is argued that the first step should be to “simplify” administrative
proceedings, which in turn will contribute to a faster and more effective
consideration of cases. In this context, it is necessary to implement a set of
measures, in particular: first, to ensure a reduction in the terms of consideration
of administrative cases. This should include creating conditions for the
introduction of information technologies, as well as expanding opportunities for
pre-trial settlement of disputes; second, to review procedural norms that, in
particular, regulate the procedure for considering minor cases.
It is emphasized that the introduction of international standards in the
context of the issues presented in the work is of paramount importance, since
their full application in Ukrainian realities will allow: first, to strengthen
guarantees for a fair trial, which includes equality of parties before the law,
adversarial process, etc.; second, to strengthen the independence of the judicial
system in general, and judges in particular, minimizing the risks of political or any other pressure; thirdly, it will increase the overall efficiency of the judicial system,
since, for example, the establishment of strict deadlines for considering cases,
electronic justice, simplification of certain procedural procedures, as it is seen,
will allow avoiding the delay of legal proceedings and will improve access to
justice. All of the above will lead to an overall increase in the level of trust in the
judiciary, reduce the number of cases in international courts and make the
national judicial system more predictable and effective.

CODIFICATION OF LEGISLATION AS A MECHANISM FOR STABILIZING THE LEGAL SPACE IN THE CONTEXT OF LEGAL TURBULENCE: A DOCTRINAL AND METHODOLOGICAL STUDY

S.P. RAICHENKO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article carries out a comprehensive doctrinal and methodological study
of codification of legislation as a tool for stabilizing the legal space in the context
of legal turbulence characterized by increased dynamics of regulatory changes,
fragmentation of the regulatory framework and growing lack of legal certainty. It
is proved that codification is not a purely technical and legal procedure, but is a
conceptual mechanism for structural restructuring of the regulatory system
aimed at restoring its internal logic, hierarchical consistency and axiological
content. The author examines the impact of legal instability on the regulatory
architecture of legislation and identifies the typical challenges faced by
lawmakers in the context of a transitional period. The author emphasizes that effective codification requires a deep methodological foundation, which includes
not only an analysis of the current regulatory framework, but also consideration
of legal values, socio-cultural context and strategic guidelines for the development
of the legal system. The author concludes that codification performs not only the
function of systematization of norms, but also serves as an instrument of legal
reconfiguration capable of restoring normative integrity, stability and
predictability in the context of legal turbulence, and also promotes the rule of law
as a basic value of a democratic society.

APPROXIMATION OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND EU LEGISLATION AS A COMPONENT OF UKRAINE'S EUROPEAN INTEGRATION COURSE

N.O. RASTORGUYEVA — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article analyzes the issue of translation and usage of the term
«approximation" within the process of harmonizing Ukraine's national legislation
with the acquis of the European Union. It has been established that the lack of a
unified approach to translating the term approximation leads to its varied
interpretation in official documents, creating legal uncertainty and potentially
affecting the effectiveness of the implementation of European legal norms in
Ukraine. The key terminological discrepancies in the translations of acquis EU acts
are outlined.
The study examines the legal and linguistic aspects of the impact of
translation inaccuracies on the law enforcement process. It has been found that
terminological inconsistencies in the translations of international agreements,
particularly the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, may
complicate the interpretation of the parties' obligations and create difficulties in
the process of legislative adaptation.
It has been determined that the issue of translating legal terms is systemic
in nature and requires the development of a unified approach to the use of legal
terminology. Conceptual approaches to terminological standardization are
proposed, which involve the use of a single equivalent for key terms and the
alignment of translations with European standards.

INVOLVEMENT OF MINORS IN CRIMINAL ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES IN CYBERSPACE: A PHENOMENON AND PRINCIPLES OF COUNTERACTION

V.V. SOKURENKO, V.V. ABLAMSKA, O.S. PEREDERII — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Cyberspace in the 21st century appears as a complex and contradictory
phenomenon: on the one hand, it opens up significant humanistic potential, on the
other hand, it can act as an instrument of control, repression and distortion of
values. In this space, the problem of the formation of the consciousness of a minor
acquires special importance, because it is here that their socialization, the
formation of moral guidelines and worldview take place. The conditions in which
a child grows - in particular, the environment of the family, state, society, the
influence of regional, cultural, informational factors - all this directly affects his
psycho-emotional and spiritual development. The world of modern technologies
and virtual communication requires society to adopt a new pedagogy of
education, based on the values of labor, knowledge, moral responsibility,
spirituality and service to the common good. In the digital age, it is extremely
important to develop in children the ability to think critically, perceive higher
ideals, understand historical heritage, cultural continuity of generations and
national identity. Without support from adults – through example, mentoring,
dialogue and meaningful presence in a child’s life – words and abstract appeals
lose all power. That is why the educational and upbringing process should include
moral, ethical and spiritual components aimed at forming stable models of lawful
behavior, the ability to distinguish good from evil, critically interpret information,
and resist the destructive influences of cyberspace. The key task is to develop in
adolescents an active civic position, the ability to self-realize through useful
activities and creativity. The use of modern information and communication
technologies should serve not only as a source of knowledge, but also as a tool for
education based on the examples of moral authorities, outstanding personalities,
and leaders of the nation. It is important to create humanistic digital content that
promotes the ideas of goodness, responsibility, hard work, empathy and
leadership in serving society. Cyberspace should become a space not only for
information interaction, but also for moral growth, spiritual integration, and the
formation of a personality capable of making a conscious contribution to the
development of both the national and global community. Only under the
conditions of such an approach will we be able to raise a generation of highly
developed, responsible and spiritually rich people.
The article identifies the key parameters of the criminological phenomenon of involving minors in criminally illegal activities in cyberspace. Its basic
determinants are clarified and proposals are formulated regarding the principles
of countering their reproduction.

LEGAL NATURE AND FEATURES OF DOMESTIC MEDICAL AND HEALTH TOURISM

V.I. TEREMETSKYI, D.S. ASTAFIEV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This scientific article is devoted to clarifying the peculiarities of legal
regulation of domestic medical and health tourism in Ukraine. Scientific
approaches to the legal regulation of medical tourism are examined, and the
provisions of current legislation in the field of tourism, health care and resort
business, which determine the legal basis for the activities of sanatorium and
resort establishments providing medical and health services, are analysed.
The author proposes a definition of domestic medical and health tourism as
the provision of medical, health, rehabilitation and/or recreational services to
individuals on the basis of a civil law contract in sanatorium and resort
establishments in Ukraine. The peculiarities of the legal regulation of domestic
medical and health tourism are identified, as well as the peculiarities of the legal
status of sanatorium and resort establishments that can operate in the
organisational and legal form of non-commercial enterprises or institutions of
state, communal or private ownership.
It is emphasised that sanatorium and resort establishments must obtain a
licence to carry out economic activities. At the same time, it is pointed out that
there are no special licensing requirements in the legislation for them to carry out
economic activities in the field of medical practice.
The author's vision of a contract for the provision of medical and health
services is formulated, which is proposed to be understood as an agreement
(contract, memorandum) between a sanatorium-resort institution and a natural
or legal person, under which the provider undertakes to provide medical, health,
rehabilitation and/or recreational services to the recipient on a paid, free or
compensated basis. The essential terms of such an agreement are defined, in
particular the subject matter of the agreement with a list of medical and health
services, their quality, cost and term of provision.
The possibility of including terms and conditions for the provision of
medical and health services in a sanatorium-resort facility in a tourist service
agreement between a client and a tour operator is justified. A proposal has been
made to improve the regulatory framework by developing and approving
licensing conditions for the provision of such services, as well as by legislating the
terms of the relevant agreement in the Law of Ukraine ‘On Resorts’ or the Law of
Ukraine ‘On Tourism’. Prospects for further research in the field of legal support
for domestic medical and health tourism have been identified.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND INTELLECTUAL TRANSFER AS A MEANS OF ENSURING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE SYSTEM OF COUNTERING CRIME IN WAR CONDITIONS

T.A. SHEVCHUK, I.S. POLYAKOV, V.I. STAROSTA — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article considers issues related to the relocation of higher education
institutions (hereinafter referred to as HEIs) with specific training conditions to
safer regions of Ukraine from occupied, frontline territories and those where
active hostilities are underway.
Based on the results of the analysis of scientific literature, analytical reports
of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, the National Agency for
Quality Assurance in Higher Education, the Institute of Educational Analytics, the
Institute for Modernization of Educational Content, and the provisions of
regulatory legal acts in the educational sphere, the need to monitor the
functioning of relocated HEIs under martial law in Ukraine in the following areas is substantiated: assessment of the quality of the level of regulatory and legal
support for the functioning of relocated HEIs; adaptation of the educational
process in accordance with the requirements of martial law; ensuring continuity
of education taking into account the realities of the relocation process; creating
new opportunities for the development of higher education institutions in the
conditions of the new place of residence; compliance with legal guarantees for all
participants in the educational process who have the status of an internally
displaced person and work or study in relocated higher education institutions;
studying the psycho-emotional state of participants in the educational process
and analyzing the role of the psychological support service in the education
system; improving the digital educational environment under martial law;
assessing the status of the implementation of international cooperation projects,
the introduction of European educational practices within the framework of
Ukraine's fulfillment of European integration obligations in the field of education
and science; assessing the consequences of the negative impact of military actions
on the educational sector and forecasting the development of the educational
sector in the medium and long term.
It is proved that such organizational and intellectual transfer is one of the
basic conditions for ensuring the stability of the system of combating crime
according to the criteria of heredity, educational and scientific support. In
addition, this direction of state humanitarian and criminological policy directly
affects the degree of integration of minors, youth into socially useful activities,
thereby reducing the risk of their involvement in illegal practices.

CONCEPT AND FEATURES OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF POLICE OFFICERS IN UKRAINE AS AN OBJECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION

L.V. VASYANOVYCH — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

It is emphasized that professional training is a process of obtaining specific
knowledge and developing skills by a person, which is purposeful in nature, in
order to prepare him to benefit a certain organization in terms of effectively
fulfilling the goals and tasks set for it. Professional training is systematic in nature,
meets the dynamics of the organization's needs for specialists who have
knowledge and skills adapted to changes in technology and social relations.
It is found out that professional training of police officers is an organized
process regulated by administrative and legal norms of forming the professional
readiness of police officers to effectively perform the tasks of the National Police
by acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities adequate to the current requirements
of reality, which are subject to systematic updating in accordance with modern
challenges and threats.
It is argued that the functional tasks of the police are decisive in relation to
the content, forms and types of professional training, personal and qualification
requirements (knowledge, skills, abilities) of police officers. Among the features of
professional training of police officers, it is advisable to highlight: firstly, specific
subjects - educational institutions with specific training conditions; secondly,
training is focused on a special category of persons who have taken the Oath;
thirdly, the presence of a special range of forms and methods of training; fourthly,
the presence of a significant number of departmental regulatory legal acts that
directly regulate the requirements, content and organizational conditions for the
implementation of training.

CONCEPTS AND FEATURES OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STANDARDS FOR ENSURING HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS AT THE PRE-TRIAL INVESTIGATION STAGE

S.M. DANYLO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

It has been emphasized that the relevance of the issue concerning the
concept and features of international legal standards for ensuring human rights
and freedoms during the pre-trial investigation stage gains particular importance
in the context of modern trends in the development of legal systems, the
integration of international norms into national legislation, and the globalization
of human rights protection processes. It has been established that in
contemporary legal practice, the role of international legal standards is
continuously growing, as they serve as the basis for unifying and harmonizing
legal activities in the field of criminal justice. It has been clarified that, according
to the provisions of several international documents such as the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights
and Fundamental Freedoms, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, special attention is paid to the adherence to the principles of legality,
proportionality, and due legal procedure in criminal proceedings. International
legal standards for ensuring human rights and freedoms are defined as a set of
principles, norms, and recommendations enshrined in international documents. It
has been emphasized that the concept of international legal standards for
ensuring human rights and freedoms implies their integration into national
legislation as the foundation for protecting the constitutional rights of
participants in criminal proceedings. It has been argued that the features of these
standards are criteria for evaluating procedural actions in terms of respect for
human rights, ensuring transparency, and inadmissibility of discrimination. It has
been established that the essential features of international legal standards for ensuring human rights and freedoms during the pre-trial investigation stage
include: social conditionality; dynamism; systematization; general obligatory
nature; universality; implementation of normative and regulatory functions;
influence on the legal system of the state; proportionality.

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF ENFORCEMENT OF RESTRICTIVE ORDERS AGAINST ABUSERS AS A LEGAL CONSEQUENCE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

N.O. HROM — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article examines the actual problems of practical implementation of a
restrictive order as a tool for combating domestic violence. The mechanisms of
removal, execution and control over compliance with restrictive regulations by
abusers are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the legal nature of a
restrictive prescription and its double nature as an administrative-legal and civil-
legal institution. The article also emphasizes the detection of gaps in legislative
regulation and law enforcement practice, which reduce the effectiveness of
victims from domestic violence. The main problems of implementation of
restrictive prescriptions are established: violation of the terms of consideration
by the courts of cases of issuing a restrictive order, failure to notify the decision
on the restrictive prescription of police, the imperfection of the mechanism of
monitoring their implementation, insufficient coordination between the subjects
of interaction in the field of restriction. A set of measures to improve the efficiency
of restrictive regulations, in particular, improving the legislative framework and
strengthening of interagency interaction, is proposed.

DIRECTIONS AND LEVELS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PERSONNEL PROCEDURES IN THE NATIONAL POLICE OF UKRAINE

V.V. OLEKSYUK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the problem of personnel procedures as a complex,
multi-stage system of measures aimed at ensuring effective selection, training,
assessment, promotion, motivation and dismissal of police officers. The main
areas of implementation of personnel procedures are: personnel selection (taking
into account the requirements for professional competence, moral and ethical
qualities and physical fitness of candidates), professional training and advanced
training, evaluation of service activities, formation of a personnel reserve, as well
as the implementation of disciplinary proceedings. It has been established that the implementation of these areas takes place at several levels: central (Human
Resources Department of the National Police of Ukraine), regional (main
departments of the National Police in the regions) and local (human resources
departments in structural units of the police). At each level, authorized employees
acquire special powers, functions and bear special responsibility, which ensures a
systematic approach to personnel management. It was revealed that there are
certain problems in the field of personnel policy, in particular, insufficient
coordination between different levels of management, the absence of a single
information space, limited opportunities for career growth, which reduces the
motivation of employees. It is argued that improving the directions and levels of implementation of
personnel procedures is a key condition for building an effective, professional,
accountable and citizen-oriented police system.

DIRECTIONS OF CONTROL IN THE SPHERE OF URBAN PLANNING ACTIVITIES

D.V. PETROSYANTS — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

It is noted that one of the key areas of control in the field of urban planning
is ensuring that the subjects of the latter comply with the norms of the legislation,
which includes the implementation of subjective obligations, technical and other
standards, rules and requirements for the implementation of relevant processes
and works, etc. Not only the correctness and completeness of the implementation
of legislative provisions is monitored, but also the fact of their compliance in
general, which allows to prevent situations of clearly illegal activity, for example,
construction in an unspecified place, neglect of the requirements for the
protection of cultural heritage, and so on.
It is emphasized that control during the implementation of urban planning
activities is aimed not only at verifying compliance with the provisions of the
legislation and technical norms, but also at ensuring the inviolability of key
human rights and freedoms. The implementation of processes in the field of urban
planning must meet general social interests, not create obstacles to the normal
use by each person of their constitutional powers, and so on. It is noted that systematic and comprehensive control over the preparation
for the construction of relevant architectural and other objects, as well as the
subsequent process of implementing construction works, is a guarantee of the
correctness and safety of the latter, the compliance of each of their stages with all
technical and legal requirements.

ON THE ISSUE OF IMPLEMENTING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN FORENSIC EXAMINATION DURING PRE-TRIAL INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES

O.O. POSASHKOV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article states that artificial intelligence technologies allow for effective
analysis of statistical data, identification of patterns, and observation of current
trends that occur both at the level of crime and in the process of preventing and
combating it.
It is determined that artificial intelligence technologies have a special impact on forensic examinations during pre-trial investigation of criminal
offenses, allowing to simplify a number of routine processes, leaving the
organizing and corrective role for a person as a carrier of knowledge, special
experience, and creative thinking.
It is noted that artificial intelligence technologies have a special impact on
forensic examinations during pre-trial investigation of criminal offenses, allowing
to simplify a number of routine processes, leaving the organizing and corrective
role for a forensic expert, while allowing to instantly process large volumes of
texts, video and audio materials, images, tables, and graphs, minimizing the risk of
subjective errors.

INVOLVEMENT OF MINORS IN ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES: CRIMINOLOGY ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS

T.V. STAKHOVSKY — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the criminological analysis of the quantitative measurement of the reproduction of criminal offenses provided for in Art. 304 of
the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It has been established that over the past ten years
in Ukraine there has been a general trend towards a statistically fixed and very
significant decrease in the studied category of crime. The absolute majority of
criminal offenses committed by minors are not the result of their involvement.
It has been revealed that the rate of decrease in officially registered cases of
involvement of minors in illegal activities is much higher than the rate of decrease
in the level of juvenile crime in general. This is also reflected in the decrease in the
proportion of criminal offenses committed by minors as a result of their
involvement by adults in the general array of criminal offenses of minors. The
average share of criminal offenses provided for in Art. 304 of the Criminal Code of
Ukraine, in relation to the array of those committed by minors or with their
participation, over a ten-year period was 5.1%. It is substantiated that the
discrepancies between the indicators of involvement of minors in illegal activities
and the crime of minors and with their participation in general are partly
explained by objective factors of the so-called "criminal emancipation", as well as
factors of latency of the mechanisms of involvement, which, in particular, are
modified in connection with the virtualization of social practices.
It is established that the percentage of latency of criminal offenses provided
for in Art. 304 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is approximately 73.2%.

GOALS AND FUNCTIONS OF CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF FORESTRY MANAGEMENT IN UKRAINE

V.Y. CHERNYAVSKY — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

It is substantiated that the tasks of supervision and control over forestry
management in Ukraine are most expedient to be divided into two groups:
general and special. It is argued that the following are most expedient to include
in the general tasks: ensuring the legality of the functioning of the relevant sphere
of public life; checking the rational use of resources, primarily forest, as well as
other financial and material and technical instruments and means used in the
implementation of relevant activities; identifying and preventing offenses, as well
as establishing the conditions and factors that determine their occurrence;
ensuring the implementation of measures aimed at preventing offenses; assessing
the effectiveness of forestry management; ensuring the fulfillment of the rights
and obligations of forest users.
It is substantiated that the following are special tasks: identifying violations
of the boundaries of allocated areas, illegal timber export, use of forests without
permits; monitoring the qualitative and quantitative state of forests, including
their biodiversity; assessment of the legality of the use of forest resources, which
includes the analysis of permits, quotas, temporary use agreements; prevention of
degradation of forest ecosystems; assessment of the timeliness, completeness,
compliance of the species composition and quality of restoration of felled forests.
It is emphasized that functions characterize the external manifestation of
the practical activity of subjects that implement the tasks of supervision and
control in the studied sphere of social life. Their list includes: protective; law
enforcement; preventive; informational; educational.

ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE AS AN OBJECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION

I.F. BABAIEV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In the article has been highlighted the essence of entrepreneurial activity in
Ukraine as an object of administrative and legal regulation, which is an important
area of scientific research. It has been emphasized that entrepreneurial activity
serves as a driving force for economic growth and the state’s development,
playing a key role in generating the gross domestic product, attracting
investments, creating jobs, and improving the population’s standard of living. It
has been noted that entrepreneurship acts as a catalyst for innovation, promotes
scientific and technological progress, and modernizes production, ensuring the
competitiveness of Ukraine’s economy in the global market. In the context of
armed aggression against Ukraine and the implementation of a martial law
regime, significant challenges faced by entrepreneurs have been underscored,
including business relocation, the necessity of legal documentation, and
operational support. Attention has been also drawn to difficulties related to raider
attacks, legal disputes, inspections by controlling bodies, appealing decisions of
public authorities, and resolving labor conflicts. An analysis of the modern
administrative and legal mechanism for supporting entrepreneurship in Ukraine
has been conducted, emphasizing its importance for ensuring the state’s stability
and development. The essence of entrepreneurial activity has been defined
through the lens of administrative and legal regulation, which holds critical
importance for shaping effective state policy and ensuring Ukraine’s sustainable
economic development. Entrepreneurial activity has been proposed to be
understood as a type of economic activity based on regulatory legal provisions,
conducted independently, regularly, and at the risk of physical or legal entities,
aimed at generating profit, meeting societal needs, and achieving economic and
social results.

TYPICAL METHODS OF COMMITTING CORRUPTION CRIMES COMBINED WITH OBTAINING ILLEGAL BENEFIT

I.D. HAVRYLYUK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article emphasizes that corruption-related crimes involving illicit gain
are characterized by typical methods of preparation, direct commission,
concealment, and criminal technologies. The following typical methods of such
corruption-related crimes are identified and described: 1) preparation methods:
building connections (establishing and maintaining trust with officials who can
facilitate the implementation of a corruption scheme); document preparation
(falsification or creation of fake contracts, acts, or reports necessary to disguise
future criminal actions); identifying vulnerabilities in potential victims (analyzing
the financial or legal status of potential victims to later exploit these
circumstances in corruption schemes); scheme planning (developing an action
mechanism, including involving intermediaries, determining benefit transfer
channels or methods of legal disguise); 2) methods of direct commission: abuse of
official position (blocking legal processes, delaying permits, creating bureaucratic
obstacles, or providing unofficial preferences); psychological pressure
(manipulation, blackmail, hints of possible problems that force the victim to agree
to the perpetrator’s terms); masking as legal actions (using fictitious contracts,
"charitable contributions," fictitious employment, or false agreements); using intermediaries (involving third parties to complicate the identification of
perpetrators and the documentation of crimes); using the "corruption rent"
scheme (systematic receipt of benefits in the form of tariffs, percentages, or
monthly payments for obtaining services or avoiding obstacles); 3) methods of
concealment: falsification of accounting and reporting (making changes to
documents that hide the fact of illicit enrichment); destruction of evidence
(destruction of documents or material evidence that may indicate criminal
activity); transferring persons involved in the crime to other positions or
workplaces; staging legality (signing acts of acceptance-delivery for services or
completed works that were not actually provided); official forgery (creating
fictitious documents that conceal other crimes, e.g., abuse of power or bribery).

THE ROLE OF THE COURT IN THE SYSTEM OF SUBJECTS OF PREVENTION AND COUNTERACTION TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

N.P. KOROL, O.V. KOROL — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Domestic violence is one of the most acute social problems, causing devastating consequences for victims and undermining the foundations of public
safety. Ukraine, assessing the scale of this threat and guided by international
standards, is actively developing a system for the prevention of and response to
domestic violence. This system involves coordinated efforts of numerous actors
— from law enforcement agencies and social services to civil society
organizations. Within this complex mechanism, the judiciary plays a central role,
as the court is the key link in ensuring the legal protection of victims, holding
perpetrators accountable, and restoring justice. The effectiveness of the system’s
functioning largely depends on how fully the court performs its functions, taking
into account the specificity and sensitivity of domestic violence cases, as well as
ensuring the prevention of re-victimization of the victims.
The article is dedicated to analyzing the role of the court as a key actor
within the system of prevention and response to domestic violence. The study
examines the court’s position among the authorized entities involved in domestic
violence prevention and response, as well as the particularities of its legal status.

TACTICAL AND PROCEDURAL FEATURES OF INTERROGATION OF A VICTIM DURING THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENSES PROVIDED FOR BY ARTICLE 156-1 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE

Y.H. YATSIK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article investigates the tactical and procedural features of interviewing
victims during the investigation of criminal offenses stipulated in Article 156-1 of
the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which is one of the most complex and sensitive
categories of crimes. It emphasizes that interviewing child victims significantly
differs from interviewing adults and requires a profound understanding of child
developmental psychology. The necessity of an individualized approach to
studying the personality of the interviewee is highlighted, specifically through
preliminary communication with the child involving a psychologist and conducted
in an informal setting. It is noted that this approach allows for identifying the
child's psychotype, emotional and psychological state, level of physiological and psychological development, as well as their willingness to cooperate. Particular
attention is paid to assessing the degree of psychological trauma and risks of
retraumatization during investigative actions, which is a priority in investigating
such crimes. The article elaborates on tactical techniques aimed at ensuring the
child's trust and comfort, such as creating a favorable atmosphere, using
accessible language, and avoiding leading or traumatizing questions. Emphasis is
placed on selecting the appropriate moment for the interview and minimizing its
duration. Procedural requirements for recording the child’s interview are
described. In addition to traditional protocoling, the importance and necessity of
video recording as the primary method of documenting testimony are
emphasized. In this context, the practical value and legal aspects of using the
"Green Room" methodology or the "Barnahus" model are examined.

CONCEPT AND FEATURES OF EXTERNAL FORMS OF ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES

O.V. VAPLYARUK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the study of the concept and features of external
forms of assessing the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity. The author's
definition of the concept of "forms of assessing the effectiveness of
entrepreneurial activity" is given. The main features of the forms of assessing the
effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity are highlighted, such as: legal certainty of
assessment methods; analytical nature of procedures; effectiveness and
expediency; legality. Forms of assessing the effectiveness of entrepreneurial
activity are classified by the subject of assessment into internal and external
forms of implementation. It is established that external assessment of
effectiveness is an important tool for controlling and regulating entrepreneurial
activity, which also affects the investment attractiveness of a business entity. The
author's definition of the concept of "external forms of assessing the effectiveness
of entrepreneurial activity" is proposed. It is argued that external assessment of
the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity is one of the legal forms of state
control, which is carried out within the framework of administrative and legal
regulation of the economy. It is proved that the results of business efficiency
assessment serve as a basis for making management decisions by public bodies
and may have legal consequences for business entities. The main features of
assessing the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity are analyzed.

CYBERCRIME: CONCEPT AND SOCIO-LEGAL NATURE

P.P. HALUSHKO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the analysis of the content of the concept and the
legal nature of cybercrime in the context of national legislation and international
law. to stop the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Basic Measures to Ensure
Cybersecurity of Ukraine” in 2017, which first defined the concept of “cybercrime”, the legislative formulation of liability for actions in cyberspace is
still the subject of scientific discussions. The provisions of the Budapest
Convention and national criminal legislation are studied, the questions of which
offenses can be classified as cybercrimes are analyzed. Attention is paid to both
the special norms of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (Chapter XVI) and the general
provisions in which the use of computer systems is optional. The article argues
that cybercrime is a special form of implementation of both traditional crimes in
the digital environment and an independent criminal and social phenomenon.

DIRECTIONS OF PROVIDING PUBLIC SECURITY AND ORDER BY THE NATIONAL POLICE AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL

S.V. HUGNYAK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article emphasizes that the basis for the identification of directions of
ensuring public safety and order by the police is their understanding within the
framework of a broad system, the smooth functioning of which requires the
implementation of a wide range of technical, informational and other measures, the
totality of which, provided that it is aimed at solving a specific problem issue,
constitutes a direction of provision.
It is determined that special attention should be paid to proper control
during the direct provision of public safety and order services. Such control is
primarily entrusted to the heads of district police departments (departments), their
deputies for preventive activities, and persons who perform their duties. The personal presence of this category of leaders is important both at briefings and
during the events themselves.
The direction of ensuring public order during mass gatherings of citizens is
considered. In the context of this direction, it is noted that it is important to
cultivate in Ukrainian society a special culture of behavior in places where citizens
gather. It is emphasized that in situations of high social tension, the ability of the
police to direct aggression or conflicting moods of significant groups of citizens in
a constructive direction depends on effective communication.

WAYS OF IMPLEMENTING FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES IN THE SPHERE OF AGRICULTURE

H.P. MAROSCHAK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Foreign experience in legal and organizational support for entrepreneurial
activity in the agricultural sector serves as a guideline for the modernization of
domestic agrarian policy. Its adaptation to Ukrainian conditions is one of the key
factors in ensuring economic stability, social development of rural areas and
further integration into the European space.
This article analyzes the experience of European countries in the context of
monitoring and transparent administration of state support for agricultural
producers, which is carried out at the expense of budgetary resources. We believe
that in Ukraine there is a need to create a separate body or department that
would carry out independent management and control over state spending in
agriculture, in particular regarding subsidies, grants, compensations, etc. In
addition, the need is emphasized to begin today to prepare the legislative and administrative framework necessary for the future implementation of CAP
mechanisms. This is not only about the general harmonization of the regulatory
framework with the EU acquis, but also about the development of laws and by-
laws that will regulate: procedures for providing, distributing and controlling
state support for agricultural producers, mechanisms for recording and verifying
data, creating electronic registers and digital platforms for administration, and
reporting and accountability systems for executive bodies.
The experience of creating various partnerships and networks is relevant,
which could become the basis for forming a stable legal and organizational
environment aimed at supporting agricultural innovations. Germany's experience
in creating agricultural cooperatives also looks interesting for Ukraine. The
transition from a narrow-sector to a unified approach in the legal regulation of
cooperatives seems promising, which would simplify law enforcement practice,
ensure greater integration into the European space, and create the prerequisites
for the sustainable development of the cooperative movement.
Also noteworthy is the experience of the United States in clearly planning
the strategic development of agriculture and taking these plans into account each
year in the state budget.

STATE OF LEGAL REGULATION ENSURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE POLICY ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONING OF THE VIRTUAL ASSETS MARKET IN THE USA

D.M. OLIYNIK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to clarifying the current state of legal regulation
governing the implementation of state policy in relation to the development and
functioning of the virtual asset market in the United States. At present, the
principal legal instruments regulating this sector are the Internal Revenue Code
and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 (formally: An Act to
Authorize Funds for Federal-Aid Highways, Highway Safety Programmes, and
Transit Programmes, and for Other Purposes). These legislative instruments form
the basis upon which United States public administration bodies interpret
cryptocurrencies and other virtual assets not as legal tender, but as property –
that is, as electronically stored assets which may be acquired, disposed of, owned,
transferred, and exchanged. Nonetheless, as of late April 2025, the United States
lacks a comprehensive federal statutory framework that governs the legal status
of non-fungible tokens (NFTs), decentralised finance (DeFi) platforms, and
stablecoins. This regulatory lacuna persists despite a clear demonstration of
political will at the executive level, most notably articulated in Executive Order
14178 of 23 January 2025, which outlines the President’s commitment to the
development of a unified policy approach to virtual assets. However, no draft
federal law has yet been introduced that would offer a consolidated legal
definition of virtual assets – including their classification and typology – the legal
foundations for the operation and evolution of the virtual asset market, or the
delineation of powers between federal and state regulators tasked with enforcing
public policy in this domain. At the time of writing, two federal bills (the GENIUS
Act and the STABLE Act) are under consideration in the United States Congress.
These legislative proposals focus on the regulation and oversight of stablecoin-
related transactions and operations. Nevertheless, they fall short of resolving the
broader problems of legal uncertainty regarding both the overarching legal
regime applicable to the virtual asset market and the regulatory treatment of
stablecoins in particular. In this regard, it is concluded that, to date, the future
trajectory of legal reform intended to ensure the implementation of state policy
on the development and regulation of the virtual asset market in the United States
remains poorly defined and institutionally fragmented.

TOWARDS THE DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT OF ADMINISTRATIVE- LEGAL ACTIONS AGAINST OFFENSES IN THE SPHERE OF TAXATION IN UKRAINE

O.S. YATSENKO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article devoted to the importance of combating tax offenses, since not
only the filling of state and local budgets, financing of defense, social, educational,
medical, cultural spheres, infrastructure projects, as well as economic growth and quality of life of citizens depend on this. In real law enforcement conditions, a
whole range of tax offenses arise that require an appropriate response from the
state, in particular through mechanisms of administrative and legal counteraction.
The author defines the key features of any offense as: 1) social danger or harm; 2)
action as a form of manifestation; 3) illegality; 4) conscious and volitional nature.
At the same time, the content of offenses in the field of taxation, in addition to the
above features, is also characterized by a number of other features that are
determined by the peculiarities of financial legal relations. The author emphasizes
that offenses in the field of taxation have not only an economic, but also a social
and legal nature. They undermine the authority of state institutions, violate the
principles of justice and equality, create unequal conditions for business entities,
and provoke a general decline in legal culture.
Administrative and legal counteraction in the field of taxation plays a key
role in ensuring the proper level of tax discipline. It allows the state to effectively
counteract tax offenses without resorting to excessively repressive or slow
mechanisms, maintaining a balance between ensuring budget revenues and
respecting the rights of taxpayers. In the author's opinion, administrative and
legal counteraction to offenses in the field of taxation in Ukraine should be
considered as a set of organizational and legal measures implemented by
authorized state bodies in order to identify, prevent, stop, and legally respond to
facts of violation of tax legislation, by applying administrative influence measures
aimed at ensuring tax discipline, protecting public interests, and restoring the
violated financial and legal order.

LEVELS, BOUNDARIES AND DIRECTIONS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN ENTITIES PERFORMING TASKS TO PROVIDE PUBLIC SAFETY AND ORDER

V.Y. YENA — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article emphasizes that the levels of interaction form a hierarchical
structure of security process management from national to local. Their peculiarity
lies in the distribution of competencies, responsibilities and resources, as well as
in ensuring the coherence of strategic and tactical actions.
It is proven that the boundaries of interaction perform a regulatory
function, determining the legal and institutional framework of the activities of
each subject in the public security system. They allow avoiding conflicts of
jurisdiction, duplication of functions and irresponsibility, while at the same time
contributing to increasing the effectiveness of interaction.
It is argued that the directions of interaction reflect the content, methods
and specific forms of cooperation between subjects. They can cover a wide range
of actions – from information exchange, joint patrolling, preventive measures, to
exercises, anti-crisis planning and response to emergencies.
It is proven that the common feature of the boundaries, directions and
levels of interaction is that they constitute a holistic and interconnected structure.
Their division is conditional, since in practice they constantly intersect and
interact. This relationship determines the adaptability of the system, its ability to
self-regulate, respond quickly and plan strategically. That is why the principles of
systematicity, coordination, legal certainty, flexibility and responsibility should be
the basis of a successful security policy.

THE CONCEPT OF INTERACTION AND COORDINATION IN THE SPHERE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES AS AN OBJECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION

A.T. KOMZYUK, V.I. SHKINDYUK — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article emphasizes that interaction in the field of law enforcement is a
connection between the actions of law enforcement entities, provided for by the
norms of current legislation, determined by the goals, conditions, tasks, as well as
the competence of law enforcement agencies, aimed at solving specific tasks
within the framework of the implementation of the law enforcement function of
the state.
Attention is drawn to the fundamental inexpediency of considering
separately interaction and separately coordination in the field of law enforcement
as objects of administrative and legal regulation, since they are closely related by
the scope of their application (law enforcement activities), the subjects of their
implementation (law enforcement agencies) and the goal - combating crime based
on the coordination of the activities of the relevant law enforcement agencies.

THE PHENOMENON OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF THE 21ST CENTURY: TRANSFORMATION, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

V.V. ROSSIKHIN, G.V. ROSSIKHIN — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article examines the transformation of the judicial system in the
twenty-first century in the context of globalisation, digitalisation and social
change. The author proposes a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the
modern judicial system, covering three interrelated dimensions: institutional,
technological and socio-philosophical. Attention is focused on the transition from
formal legal positivism to the concept of ‘living constitutionalism’, which requires
a new role of the court as an active entity capable of protecting constitutional
values in the context of specific legal situations.
The article examines examples from the case law of the Constitutional Court
of Ukraine, the European Court of Human Rights, and the introduction of digital
justice tools, in particular, the Ukrainian system «E-Court». The author highlights
both the positive effects of digitalisation (reduction of case processing time,
increased transparency) and challenges (inequality of access, threat of
algorithmic bias, need for control over AI).
Particular attention is paid to the problem of judicial independence in the
face of political pressure. The author analyses international experience, including
the financial autonomy of courts and the selection of judges in Ukraine after the
2016 reform. It is concluded that institutional and procedural independence are
key factors of trust in the judiciary.
The study results in the formulation of a conceptual model of judicial
reform based on a combination of the rule of law, technological modernisation
and institutional autonomy. The article emphasises the need to strike a balance
between the efficiency of justice and the observance of fundamental rights, taking
into account the national context and international standards.

ON ISSUES OF EVIDENCE EVALUATION IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS UNDER MARTIAL STATE

S.A. CHIZH — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The scientific article examines the features of evidence assessment in
criminal proceedings under the legal regime of martial law. The emphasis is on
the fact that evidence assessment is a separate element of the evidence process,
and therefore a type of specific activity of authorized participants in criminal
proceedings. Approaches that directly relate to the assessment of evidence in
different historical periods are studied, and the experience and criteria for
assessing evidence in some countries of the world community are also used. The
issue of defining the concept of "internal conviction" during the assessment of
evidence by an investigator, inquirer, prosecutor, investigating judge, and court in
criminal proceedings is considered. Given the above, we believe that the main
disadvantage of internal conviction is the influence of subjective and objective
factors on making relevant decisions in criminal proceedings. The author's vision
is set out on improving the procedure for assessing evidence, which is an
important factor for identifying occupiers involved in committing criminal
offenses and further fair justice.

RIGHT TO COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES: THEORY AND PRACTICE OF APPLICATION

N.V. STEPANENKO, V.V. KOROLOVA — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the right to
compensation for damage as a fundamental institution of the civil law of Ukraine.
The theoretical foundations of the right to compensation for damage, its legal
nature and place in the system of subjective civil rights are considered. It has been
established that the right to compensation for damage is a special subjective civil
right that arises in a person as a result of harm caused to him by unlawful or, in
cases provided for by law, lawful actions of other persons. It has been determined
that the right to compensation for damage is characterized by a number of specific
features. Firstly, this right is derivative in nature – it arises as a consequence of
the violation of other subjective rights of an individual. Secondly, this right is
compensatory in nature and is aimed at restoring the victim's property status.
Thirdly, the right to compensation for damage is absolute in nature – it can be
violated by any person and is subject to protection from any encroachment.
Understanding these specific features of the right to compensation allows for a
better understanding of the legal nature of the right to compensation for damage.
The article also analyzes the types of damage that are subject to compensation. It
was mentioned that traditionally there is a distinction between property and
moral damage, each of which has its own specific legal regulation. It is noted that
compensation for property and moral damage has a common problem that has
practical significance, namely: the difficulty of determining the exact amount of
compensation for damage. However, it is noted that the process of determining
the amount of damage that must be compensated is more complicated when it
comes to moral damage. Attention is drawn to the achievements of other
scientists who proposed ways to solve the problem of determining the amount of
compensation for moral damage. The article also analyzes the conditions for the
emergence of the right to compensation and the features of its implementation.
Particular attention is paid to judicial practice regarding the application of norms
on compensation for damage, in particular, the issues of determining the amount
of damage, proving causality, and the features of compensation for moral damage.

CRIMINAL ANALYSIS OF WAYS OF INVOLVING MINORS IN ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES: FROM TRADITIONAL PRACTICES TO CYBERCRIME

I.H. LUTSENKO, T.A. SHEVCHUK, A.M. YASHCHENKO — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the main ways of involving minors in illegal
activities, in drunkenness, in begging, in gambling. Emphasis is placed on the
possibility of their conditional division into two groups: those related and those
not related to the use of violence or the threat of its use. Attention is focused on
the choice by the offender of predominantly non-violent methods of involvement
due to the peculiarities of the child's psyche, the ability to suggestibility, and
vulnerability to negative influence from adults. It has been determined that the
most common method of involvement in illegal activity is a proposal to commit a
criminal offense, combined with psychological influence on a minor in order to
arouse in him a conscious desire to engage in illegal activity.
The active involvement of minors in criminal practices using the Internet,
social networks, messengers and other online communication tools is
emphasized. It has been established that this type of activity has become most
widespread in connection with active military operations on the territory of
Ukraine and the involvement of minors in politically motivated crimes related to
intelligence, sabotage, terrorist and propaganda activities.
The importance of studying the method of committing the involvement of
minors in illegal activities as an interdisciplinary category studied within the
framework of criminal law, forensics, criminology, operational and investigative
activities, and legal psychology, as a basis for the formation of theoretical and
practical recommendations for timely detection, high-quality investigation,
effective prevention, and counteraction to the involvement of minors in illegal
activities, is summarized.

CANINE (К9) SUPPORT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE STATE CUSTOMS SERVICE OF UKRAINE

V.S. SELIUKOV — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article analyzes the regulatory and legal support for the activities of
canine units of the State Customs Service of Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to
the standardization of work and mechanisms for involving canine teams in the
implementation of the tasks of the State Customs Service of Ukraine in the field of
combating smuggling and ensuring the proper implementation of customs
control. The features of the training and activity of service dogs are determined,
which distinguish the state and level of canine support of the activities of customs
authorities from the canine support of other law enforcement agencies. It is
emphasized that the development of technologies is not able to compete with the
abilities of service dogs, which currently remain the most effective and efficient
means of detecting facts of illegal movement of goods across the state border. It is
also noted that, unlike other law enforcement agencies, the activities in the field of
canine support in the State Customs Service of Ukraine, among other things, arefocused on the service dog, which acts as a «partner» in the «canine handler-dog»
relationship. It is emphasized that the burden on canine teams currently remains
a problematic issue, which is primarily related to the legal regime of martial law.

STATE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE PROCEDURAL STATUS OF DEFENDANT IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

O.S. SHADRIN — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article emphasizes that the issue of the procedural status of the
defender in criminal proceedings occupies a special place in Ukrainian criminal
procedure science. This is because the effective realization of the right to a
defense, as enshrined both in the Constitution of Ukraine and in international
human rights acts, depends on the correct definition and understanding of this
participant’s legal position. It is highlighted that amidst the current challenges
brought about by criminal justice reform, dynamic legislative changes, and
transformations caused by socio-political processes, the matter of determining
and securing the procedural status of the defender remains relevant for both
theorists and practitioners. The text points out the special importance of a
systematic analysis of the current state of academic research, the classification of
approaches, and the identification of problematic aspects that require further
study and generalization. It is emphasized that synthesizing information from
various sources, organizing it by thematic sections, and conducting a critical
analysis not only delineates the current level of development of the topic, but also
clearly defines directions for further research and improvement of the regulatory
framework for the defender’s procedural status in criminal proceedings. The
assessment of research on the procedural status of the defender in criminal proceedings was carried out by studying scientific information found in the
following academic sources: monographic works, including dissertations,
abstracts, single-author and/or collective monographs; periodicals and materials
of conferences, round tables, etc.; and educational literature. The scholarly works
were categorized according to the scope of the issues under study (thematic
content), specifically: works on theoretical and praxeological aspects—definition
of subjects of criminal proceedings, their systematization and regulation of their
activities; provision and realization of the right to a defense in criminal
proceedings; access to legal assistance in criminal proceedings; regulation of the
procedural status of the defender in criminal proceedings and ensuring their
participation in criminal process; and the features of exercising the procedural
status of the defender in certain types of criminal proceedings.

DIRECTIONS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN SUBJECTS OF COMBATING CRIMINAL OFFENSES IN UKRAINE

V.V. KOZAR — Mon, 24 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0200

The article emphasizes that the areas of interaction are a key substantive element of the modern system of combating crime, since they provide targeted, meaningful, flexible and adaptive cooperation between subjects in order to achieve specific results - prevention, detection, documentation, disclosure and investigation of criminal offenses. They determine the practical scope of the implementation of powers, combine resources and competencies of various institutions, allow for a coordinated response to dynamic criminogenic challenges and contribute to the effective implementation of national and international criminal law policy.
It is argued that among the most distinct unique features of the areas, it is worth highlighting their substantive specificity, operational nature, ability to quickly adapt to new threats, openness to the involvement of non-state actors, innovation and interdepartmental integration. Due to these characteristics, directions become not just forms of organizing work, but real catalysts of change in the system of combating crime, through which modern practices, the latest digital solutions, international standards and approaches to working with vulnerable categories of the population are introduced.
The emphasis is on the fact that directions of interaction between subjects of combating criminal offenses are a fundamental structural unit of the functioning of the entire criminal justice system, which directly affects the effectiveness of law enforcement activities, the level of protection of human rights, public trust in institutions and the ability of the state to perform its security functions.

DIRECTIONS OF INTERACTION OF THE INVESTIGATIVE AND OPERATIONAL GROUP OF THE NATIONAL POLICE WITH OTHER ENTITIES INVESTIGATING CRIMINAL OFFENSES

O.O. HUIVAN — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article emphasizes that the interaction of the investigative and operational group of the National Police with other subjects of criminal investigation is based on a system of special directions that distinguish it as a specific, multifaceted and systemic activity aimed at achieving clearly expressed results.
It is proven that the direction that is currently gaining priority is interaction in martial law. In such conditions, the activities of the investigative and operational group of the National Police with other subjects of criminal investigation are built in fundamentally new security realities, where, along with the direct tasks of combating crime, ensuring public safety and order, etc., specific challenges related to the elimination of the consequences of enemy attacks, as well as preparation for such potentially possible attacks, can constantly occur.
It was established that in the process of organizing the service of police officers as part of the investigative and operational group, it is necessary to take into account the difficulty in reaching the place of duty, getting in touch during a blackout, and satisfying the basic needs of personnel in food, water, etc. in martial law. In this context, the head of the territorial unit is entrusted with an important role as a manager who is able to solve these problems in conditions of limited resources. It was emphasized that another direction of interaction of the investigative and operational group of the National Police with other entities is interaction in the process of investigating certain categories of criminal offenses.
Currently, investigative and operational groups are faced with the need for special organizational approaches to the investigation not only of offenses committed against life, health, sexual freedom and sexual integrity of a person, including high- profile ones, but also of a whole range of offenses generated by the security realities of martial law. Thus, in the process of searching for a person who has gone missing under special circumstances, a key role is assigned to investigative and operational groups.

THE CONCEPT OF ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUMENTS FOR ENSURING THE TERRITORIAL DEFENSE OF UKRAINE

V.M. ZAGYKA — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Attention is drawn to the fact that an administrative instrument should be understood as a complex concept that combines forms and methods (ways) of implementing public administration. A public administration instrument is a tool for the exercise of the will of power by authorized bodies and officials and ensuring its proper implementation. The presence of such instruments, on the one hand, provides the subjects of administration with real opportunities for appropriate managerial influence on certain social relations and processes, and on the other hand, is an important condition for ensuring legality, since these forms oblige the holders of authority to exercise the latter in appropriate forms and in the prescribed manner (ways) in order to prevent arbitrariness and abuse of power.
It was found that the administrative instruments for ensuring the territorial defense of Ukraine are a set of homogeneous actions of public administration bodies, carried out in the forms and ways determined by current legislation, aimed at exercising managerial influence on public relations in the field of ensuring territorial defense in order to effectively achieve the goals of national resistance.
It is emphasized that the list of relevant instruments is proposed to include: regulatory and legal acts; administrative act; administrative agreement; planning; coordination; control. The effectiveness of these administrative instruments depends on a number of conditions and factors, and primarily on the state of their regulatory and legal basis (i.e., the quality of legislative regulation) and on the professionalism and responsibility of the personnel who actually implement these instruments in practice.